Flood Image Classification using Convolutional Neural Networks
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Published:
Oct 20, 2023
Keywords:
Convolutional neural networks, Flood, Machine learning, Prediction, Natural disasters
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Abstract
Flood disaster is a natural disaster that leads to loss of lives, properties damage, devastating effects on the economy and environment; therefore, there should be effective predictive measures to curb this problem. Between the years 2002- 2023, flood has caused death of over 200,000 people globally and occurred majorly in resource poor countries and communities. Different machine learning approaches have been developed for the prediction of floods. This study develops a novel model using convolutional neural networks (CNN) for the prediction of floods. Important parameters such as standard deviation and variance were incorporated in the parameters tuned CNN model that performed flood images feature extraction and classification for better predictive performance. The enhanced model was assessed with accuracy and loss measurement and compared with the existing model. The model leverage on the unique features of region of Interest aligns to resolve the issues of misalignments caused by the use of region of Interest pooling engaged in the traditional Faster-RCNN. The techniques and the developed system were implemented using a Python-based integrated development environment called “Anaconda Navigator” on Intel Core i5 with 8G Ram hardware of Window 10 operating system. The developed model achieved optimal accuracy at 200 epochs with 99.80% and corresponding loss of 0.0890. The results confirmed that predictive performance of a model can be improved by incorporating standard deviation and variance on model, coupled with its parameters tunning approach before classification.
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Adetunji, O. J., Adeyanju, I. A., Esan, A. O., & Sobowale, A. A. S. (2023). Flood Image Classification using Convolutional Neural Networks. ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 6(2), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2023.0602.11-j
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[5] Baalaji, S. V. & Sandhya, S. (2020). Flood Prediction System using Multilayer Perceptron Classifier and Neural Networks. Water , 6245–6254.
[6] Tanim, A. H.., McRae, C. B., Tavakol‐davani, H. & Goharian, E. (2022). Flood Detection in Urban Areas Using Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning. Water (Switzerland), 4(1): 7 - 20, doi: 10.3390/w14071140.
[7] Arora, A., Arabameri, A., Pandey, M., Siddiqui, M. A. Shukla, U. K., Tien, D., Narayan, V. & Bhardwaj, A. (2021). Optimization of state-of-the-art fuzzy-metaheuristic ANFIS-based machine learning models for fl ood susceptibility prediction mapping in the Middle Ganga Plain , India. Sci. Total Environ., 5(7): 41-56, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141565.
[8] Madhuram, M. Kakar, A., Sharma, A. & Chaudhuri, S. (2019). Flood Prediction and warning system using SVM and ELM models . Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol.,5366–5369, doi: 10.35940/ijrte.D7573.118419.
[9] Kabbas, A.., Alharthi, A. & Munshi, A. (2020) . Artificial Intelligence Applications in Cyber security. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur., 2(20): 14 -26
[10] Julius, A. O., Ayokunle, A. O. & Ibrahim, F. O. (2021). Early Diabetic Risk Prediction using Machine Learning Classification Techniques. Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol., 9(6): 502–507.
[11] Farhadi, H. & Najafzadeh, M. (2021). Flood risk mapping by remote sensing data and random forest technique,” Water (Switzerland), 21(13): 15 - 28, doi: 10.3390/w13213115.
[12] Mukhamediev, R. (2022). Review of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Technologies: Classification, Restrictions, Opportunities and Challenges. Math. 2022, https//doi.org/10.3390/ math10152552.
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[14] Feizizadeh, B., Gheshlaghi, H. A., & Bui, D. T. (2020). An integrated approach of GIS and hybrid intelligence techniques applied for flood risk modeling. J. Environ. Plan. Manag., 1(1): 1-32, doi: 10.1080/09640568.2020.1775561.
[15] Madhuri, R., Sistla, S. & Raju, K. S. (2021). Application of machine learning algorithms for flood susceptibility assessment and risk management. J. water Clim. Chang., 1–16, doi: 10.2166/wcc.2021.051.
[16] Shirzadi, A., Asadi, S., Shahabi, H., Ronoud, S. & Clague, J.J. (2020). A novel ensemble learning based on Bayesian Belief Network coupled with an extreme learning machine for flash flood susceptibility mapping,” Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell., 6(9): 32 - 49, doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2020.103971.
[17] Vazhuthi , H. N. & Kumar, A. (2020). Causes and Impacts of Urban Floods in Indian Cities: A Review. Int. J. Emerg. Technol., 4(11): 140–147.
[18] Bansal, N., Mukherjee, M. & Gairola, A. (2022). Evaluating urban flood hazard index (UFHI) of Dehradun city using GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis. Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 8(3): 4051–4064, doi: 10.1007/s40808-021-01348-5.
[19] Svetlana, D., Radovan, D. & Ján, D. (2022). The Economic Impact of Floods and their Importance in Different Regions of the World with Emphasis on Europe. Procedia Econ. Financ., 15(34): 649–655, doi: 10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01681-0.
[20] Olanrewaju, C. C., Chitakira, M., Olanrewaju, O. A. & Louw, E. (2019). Impacts of flood disasters in Nigeria: A critical evaluation of health implications and management. Jamba J. Disaster Risk Stud., 1(11): 1–9, doi: 10.4102/jamba.v11i1.557.
[21] Echendu, A. J. (2020). The impact of flooding on Nigeria’s sustainable development goals (SDGs). Ecosyst. Heal. Sustain., 1(6): 1-9, doi: 10.1080/20964129.2020.1791735.
[22] WHO (2023). Africa-Nigeria Flood, retrieved from. https//www.afro.who.int/news/nigeria-rushes-current-flash-flooding-mitigate-health-hazards, date accessed 03/07/2023., 2023.
[23] Khosravi, K., Shahabi, H., Thai, B., Adamowski, J. & Shirzadi, A. (2018). A comparative assessment of flood susceptibility modeling using Multi- Criteria Decision-Making Analysis and Machine Learning Methods. J. Hydrol., 311–323, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.03.073.
[24] Khosravi, K. (2018). A comparative assessment of decision trees algorithms for fl ash fl ood susceptibility modeling at Haraz watershed , northern Iran. Sci. Total Environ., 744–755, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.266.
[25] Hemba, S. & Elekwachi, W. (2020). Effectiveness of Drainage Networks on Floods in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. J. Geogr. Meteorol. Environ. 1(3): 106-120.
[26] Chan, S. W., Abid, S. K., Sulaiman, N., Nazir, U. & Azam, K.. (2022). A systematic review of the flood vulnerability using geographic information system, Heliyon, 3(8): 40 - 52, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09075.
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[29] Nkwunonwo, B., Malcolm, U. C. W. & Brian, A. (2021). Flooding and Flood risk reduction in Nigeria: Cardinal. Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters.
[30] Berkhahn, S., Fuchs, L. & Neuweiler, I. (2019). An ensemble neural network model for real-time prediction of urban floods. J. Hydrol., 5(7): 743–754, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.066.
[31] Ighile, E. H., Shirakawa, H. & Tanikawa, H. (2022). A Study on the Application of GIS and Machine Learning to Predict Flood Areas in Nigeria. Sustain., 9(14): 20-32, doi: 10.3390/su14095039.
[32] Jahangir, M. H., Mahsa, S., Reineh, M. & Abolghasemi, M. (2019). Spatial predication of flood zonation mapping in Kan River Basin , Iran , using arti fi cial neural network algorithm. Weather Clim. Extrem., 5( 25): 1002-1015, doi: 10.1016/j.wace.2019.100215.
[33] Michael, E. & Patience, O. (2018). Flood Prediction In Nigeria Using Artificial Neural Network. American Journal of Engineering Research ( AJER ), 15–21
[34] Paul, A. (2017). Flood Prediction Model using Artificial Neural Network Flood Prediction Model using Artificial Neural Network. Water, doi: 10.7753/IJCATR0307.1016.
[35] Costache, R. (2019). Novel hybrid models between bivariate statistics , artificial neural networks and boosting algorithms for flood susceptibility assessment. j.jenvman., 6(25): 62 - 78, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110485.
[36] Liu, J. (2021). Assessment of Flood Susceptibility Using Support Vector Machine in the Belt and Road Region. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1–37.
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