Modelling and Simulation of Co-Gasification of Chlorella Vulgaris and High-density Polyethylene Using Aspen Plus
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Published:
Mar 31, 2024
Keywords:
Aspen Plus, Co-gasification, Biomass, Plastics, Syngas
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Abstract
A technical innovation that holds promise for producing renewable fuel and decreasing waste disposal is the production of syngas from the co-gasification of waste materials and biomass. In this present study, a new simulation model for co-gasifying high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and microalgae using Aspen plus V10 was built. Several operating parameters, including operating temperature, air equivalence ratio (ER), biomass blending ratio, steam-to-biomass ratio (S/B), and air/steam ratio, were investigated for their influence on the yield and composition of H2, CO, CO2, and CH4. Results indicated that these operating parameters had significant impacts on the gaseous products. High gasifier temperatures (1000°C) for the co-gasification process favored the formation of H2 and CO and increased their yields. Also, the yield of H2 significantly decreased when the value of the equivalence ratio was increased. According to simulation results, increasing the steam-to-biomass ratio favored the synthesis of H2 and CO up to a point. In addition, waste plastic (HDPE) in the feedstock should be kept at a minimum to favor the production of hydrogen-rich gas. The findings show that the model results agree with previous experimental studies. This research study has proven the air-steam co-gasification of microalgae and HDPE as a suitable process for the production of syngas rich in hydrogen.
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Mustapha, S. I., Adewole, T. L., Mohammed, I. A., Aderibigbe, F. A., Yahaya, S. A., & Aliyu, U. M. (2024). Modelling and Simulation of Co-Gasification of Chlorella Vulgaris and High-density Polyethylene Using Aspen Plus. ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 7(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2024.0701.11-j
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References
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[3] Mojaver, M., Hasanzadeh, R., Azdast, T., & Park, C. B. (2022). Comparative Study on Air Gasification of Plastic Waste and Conventional Biomass Based on Coupling of AHP/TOPSIS Multi-criteria Decision Analysis. Chemosphere, 286, 131867.
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[11] Gao, N., Chen, C., Magdziarz, A., Zhang, L., & Quan, C. (2021). Modeling and Simulation of Pine Sawdust Gasification Considering Gas Mixture Reflux. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 155, 105094.
[12] Barontini, F., Frigo, S., Gabbrielli, R., & Sica, P. (2021). Co-gasification of Woody Biomass with Organic and Waste Matrices in a Down-draft Gasifier: An Experimental and Modeling Approach. Energy Conversion and Management, 245, 114566.
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[17] Mojaver, M., Azdast, T., & Hasanzadeh, R. (2021). Assessments of Key Features and Taguchi Analysis on Hydrogen Rich Syngas Production via Gasification of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polycarbonate and Polyethylene Terephthalate Wastes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(58), 29846-29857.
[18] Farooq, A., Song, H., Park, Y-K., & Rhee, G. H. (2021). Effects of Different Al2O3 Support on HDPE Gasification for Enhanced Hydrogen Generation using Ni-based Catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(34), 18085-18092.
[19] Li, J., Burra, K. R. G., Wang, Z., Liu, X., & Gupta, A. K. (2021). Co-gasification of High-density Polyethylene and Pretreated Pine Wood. Applied Energy, 285(1), 116472.
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[21] Pinto, F., Franco, C., André, R., Miranda, M., Gulyurtlu, I., & Cabrita, I. (2002). Co-gasification Study of Biomass Mixed with Plastic Wastes. Fuel, 81(3), 291-297.
[22] Fan, H., Gu, J., Hu, S., Yuan, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Co-pyrolysis and Co-gasification of Biomass and Polyethylene: Thermal Behaviors, Volatile Products and Characteristics of their Residues. Journal of the Energy Institute, 92(6), 1926-1935.
[23] Xu, D., Xiong, Y., Ye, J., Su, Y., Dong, Q., & Zhang, S. (2020). Performances of Syngas Production and Deposited Coke Regulation During Co-gasification of Biomass and Plastic Wastes Over Ni/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst: Role of Biomass to Plastic Ratio in Feedstock. Chemical Engineering Journal, 392(1), 123728.
[24] Onwudili, J. A., Lea-Langton, A. R., Ross, A. B., & Williams, P. T. (2013). Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification of Algae for Hydrogen Production: Composition of Reaction Products and Potential for Nutrient Recycling. Bioresource Technology, 127(1), 72-80.
[25] Mustapha, S. I., Mohammed, U. A., Bux, F., & Isa, Y. M. (2021). Hydrothermal Gasification of Scenedesmus obliquus and its Derivatives: A Thermodynamic Study using Aspen Plus. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 15(15), 1421-1430.
[26] Atikah, M. S. N., & Harun, R. (2019). Simulation and Optimization of Chlorella vulgaris Gasification using Aspen Plus. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability, 3(1), 349-357.
[27] Shahbaz, M., Al-Ansari, T., Inayat, M., Sulaiman, S. A., Parthasarathy, P., & McKay, G. (2020). A Critical Review on the Influence of Process Parameters in Catalytic Co-gasification: Current Performance and Challenges for a Future Prospectus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 134(1), 110382.
[28] Tavares, R., Ramos, A., & Rouboa, A. (2018). Microplastics Thermal Treatment by Polyethylene Terephthalate-Biomass Gasification. Energy Conversion and Management, 162(1), 118-131.
[29] Ramos, A., & Rouboa, A. (2020). Syngas Production Strategies from Biomass Gasification: Numerical Studies for Operational Conditions and Quality Indexes. Renewable Energy, 155(1), 1211-1221.
[30] Singh, D. K., & Tirkey, J. V. (2021). Modeling and Multi-objective Optimization of Variable Air Gasification Performance Parameters using Syzygium cumini Biomass by Integrating ASPEN Plus with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(36), 18816-18831.
[31] Raheem, A., WA, W. A. K. G., Taufiq-Yap, Y. H., Danquah, M. K., & Harun, R. (2015). Optimization of the Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris for Syngas Production using Central Composite Design. RSC Advances, 5(88), 71805-71815.
[32] Adnan, M. A., Susanto, H., Binous, H., Muraza, O., & Hossain, M. M. (2017). Feed Compositions and Gasification Potential of Several Biomasses including a Microalgae: A Thermodynamic Modeling Approach. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(27), 17009-17019.
[33] Chaiwatanodom, P., Vivanpatarakij, S., & Assabumrungrat, S. (2014). Thermodynamic Analysis of Biomass Gasification with CO2 Recycle for Synthesis Gas Production. Applied Energy, 114, 10-17.
[34] Yaghoubi, E., Xiong, Q., Doranehgard, M. H., Yeganeh, M. M., Shahriari, G., & Bidabadi, M. (2018). The Effect of Different Operational Parameters on Hydrogen Rich Syngas Production from Biomass Gasification in a Dual Fluidized Bed Gasifier. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 126, 210-221.
[35] Adnan, M. A., & Hossain, M. M. (2018). Co-gasification of Indonesian Coal and Microalgae–A Thermodynamic Study and Performance Evaluation. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 128(1), 1-9.
[36] Raheem, A., Abbasi, S. A., Mangi, F. H., Ahmed, S., He, Q., Ding, L., Memon, A. A., Zhao, M., & Yu, G. (2021). Gasification of Algal Residue for Synthesis Gas Production. Algal Research, 58, 102411.
[37] Adnan, M. A., Susanto, H., Binous, H., Muraza, O., & Hossain, M. M. (2017). Feed Compositions and Gasification Potential of Several Biomasses including a Microalgae: A Thermodynamic Modeling Approach. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(27), 17009-17019.
[38] Zaini, I. N., Nurdiawati, A., & Aziz, M. (2017). Cogeneration of Power and H2 by Steam Gasification and Syngas Chemical Looping of Macroalgae. Applied Energy, 207, 134-145.
[39] Sharma, S., & Sheth, P. N. (2016). Air–Steam Biomass Gasification: Experiments, Modeling and Simulation. Energy Conversion and Management, 110, 307-318.
[40] Ajorloo, M., Ghodrat, M., Scott, J., & Strezov, V. (2022). Modelling and Statistical Analysis of Plastic Biomass Mixture Co-gasification. Energy, 256, 124638.
[41] Yong, Y. S., & Rasid, R. A. (2021). Process Simulation of Hydrogen Production Through Biomass Gasification: Introduction of Torrefaction Pre-treatment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(100), 42040-42050.
[42] Saebea, D., Ruengrit, P., Arpornwichanop, A., & Patcharavorachot, Y. (2020). Gasification of Plastic Waste for Synthesis Gas Production. Energy Reports, 6(1), 202-207.
[43] Luo, J., Lin, J., Ma, R., Chen, X., Sun, S., Zhang, P., & Liu, X. (2020). Effect of Different Ash/organics and C/H/O Ratios on Characteristics and Reaction Mechanisms of Sludge Microwave Pyrolysis to Generate Bio-fuels. Waste Management, 117(1), 188-197.
[44] Donskoy, I. (2017). Mathematical Modelling and Optimization of Biomass-Plastic Fixed-bed Downdraft Co-Gasification Process. EPJ Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 159, 00010.
[45] Donskoi, I. (2018). Process Simulation of the Co-gasification of Wood and Polymeric Materials in a Fixed Bed. Solid Fuel Chemistry, 52(1), 121-127.
[46] Chin, B., Yusup, S., Al-Shoaibi, A., Kannan, P., Srinivasakannan, C., & Sulaiman, S. (2014). Investigation of Co-Gasification of Rubber Seed Shell and High Density Polyethylene Mixtures. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 39(1), 505-510.
[47] Rosha, P., Kumar, S., Vikram, S., Ibrahim, H., & Ala'a, H. (2022). H2-enriched Gaseous Fuel Production via Co-gasification of an Algae-plastic Waste Mixture using Aspen PLUS. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(62), 26294-26302.
[48] Salisu, J., Gao, N., Quan, C., Yanik, J., & Artioli, N. (2023). Co-gasification of Rice Husk and Plastic in the Presence of CaO using a Novel ANN Model-incorporated Aspen Plus Simulation. Journal of the Energy Institute, 108, 101239.
[49] Van-Kasteren, J. M. (2006). Co-gasification of Wood and Polyethylene with the Aim of CO and H2 Production. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(2), 95-98.
[50] Ramzan, N., Ashraf, A., Naveed, S., & Malik, A. (2011). Simulation of Hybrid Biomass Gasification using Aspen Plus: A Comparative Performance Analysis for Food, Municipal Solid and Poultry Waste. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(9), 3962-3969.
[51] Pinto, F., Franco, C., Andre, R. N., Tavares, C., Dias, M., Gulyurtlu, I., & Cabrita, I. (2003). Effect of Experimental Conditions on Co-gasification of Coal, Biomass and Plastics Wastes with Air/Steam Mixtures in a Fluidized Bed System. Fuel, 82(1), 15-17.
[52] Qin, Y-H., Feng, J., & Li, W-Y. (2010). Formation of Tar and its Characterization During Air–Steam Gasification of Sawdust in a Fluidized Bed Reactor, Fuel, 89(7), 1344-1347.
[53] Lopez, G., Erkiaga, A., Amutio, M., Bilbao, J., & Olazar, M. (2015). Effect of Polyethylene Co-feeding in the Steam Gasification of Biomass in a Conical Spouted Bed Reactor. Fuel, 153(1), 393-401.
[2] Yang, K-C., Wu, K-T., Hsieh, M-H., Hsu, H-T., Chen, C-S., & Chen, H-W. (2013). Co-gasification of Woody Biomass and microalgae in a Fluidized Bed. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 44(6), 1027-1033.
[3] Mojaver, M., Hasanzadeh, R., Azdast, T., & Park, C. B. (2022). Comparative Study on Air Gasification of Plastic Waste and Conventional Biomass Based on Coupling of AHP/TOPSIS Multi-criteria Decision Analysis. Chemosphere, 286, 131867.
[4] Cao, Y., Fu, L., & Mofrad, A. (2019). Combined-Gasification of Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste in a Fluidized Bed Gasifier. Journal of the Energy Institute, 92(6), 1683-1688.
[5] Kuo, P-C., & Wu, W. (2016). Thermodynamic Analysis of a Combined Heat and Power System with CO2 Utilization Based on Co-gasification of Biomass and Coal. Chemical Engineering Science, 142, 201-214.
[6] Adeniyi, A. G., & Ighalo, J. O. (2020). Computer-Aided Modeling of Thermochemical Conversion Processes for Environmental Waste Management. Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, 1-16.
[7] Yao, D., Yang, H., Chen, H., & Williams, P. T. (2018). Co-Precipitation, Impregnation and So-Gel Preparation of Ni Catalysts for Pyrolysis-Catalytic Steam Reforming of Waste Plastics. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 239, 565-577.
[8] Sadhwani, N., Li, P., Eden, M. R., & Adhikari, S. (2017). Process Modeling of Fluidized Bed Biomass-CO2 Gasification using ASPEN Plus. 27th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, 40(1), 2509-2514.
[9] Raheem, A., Wan-Azlina, W. A. K. G., Taufiq-Yap, Y. H., Danquah, M. K., & Harun, R. (2015). Thermochemical Conversion of Microalgal Biomass for Biofuel Production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 990-999.
[10] Nipattummakul, N., Ahmed, I. I., Kerdsuwan, S., & Gupta, A. K. (2010). Hydrogen and Syngas Production from Sewage Sludge via Steam Gasification. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(21), 11738-11745.
[11] Gao, N., Chen, C., Magdziarz, A., Zhang, L., & Quan, C. (2021). Modeling and Simulation of Pine Sawdust Gasification Considering Gas Mixture Reflux. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 155, 105094.
[12] Barontini, F., Frigo, S., Gabbrielli, R., & Sica, P. (2021). Co-gasification of Woody Biomass with Organic and Waste Matrices in a Down-draft Gasifier: An Experimental and Modeling Approach. Energy Conversion and Management, 245, 114566.
[13] Ding, G., & He, B. (2020). Process Simulation of Co-Gasification of Raw Municipal Solid Waste and Bituminous Coal in CO2/O2 Atmosphere. Applied Sciences, 10(6), 19-21.
[14] Wei, J., Wang, M., Wang, F., Song, X., Yu, G., Liu, Y., Vuthaluru, H., Xu, J., Xu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2021). A Review on Reactivity Characteristics and Synergy Behavior of Biomass and Coal Co-gasification. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(33), 17116-17132.
[15] Emad, N., & Vahid, B. (2019). Hydrogen Production from Co-gasification of Asphaltene and Plastic. Petroleum Science and Technology, 37(16), 1905-1909.
[16] Chai, Y., Wang, M., Gao, N., Duan, Y., & Li, J. (2020). Experimental Study on Pyrolysis/Gasification of Biomass and Plastics for H2 Production under New Dual-Support Catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 396, 125260.
[17] Mojaver, M., Azdast, T., & Hasanzadeh, R. (2021). Assessments of Key Features and Taguchi Analysis on Hydrogen Rich Syngas Production via Gasification of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polycarbonate and Polyethylene Terephthalate Wastes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(58), 29846-29857.
[18] Farooq, A., Song, H., Park, Y-K., & Rhee, G. H. (2021). Effects of Different Al2O3 Support on HDPE Gasification for Enhanced Hydrogen Generation using Ni-based Catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(34), 18085-18092.
[19] Li, J., Burra, K. R. G., Wang, Z., Liu, X., & Gupta, A. K. (2021). Co-gasification of High-density Polyethylene and Pretreated Pine Wood. Applied Energy, 285(1), 116472.
[20] Ramos, A., Monteiro, E., Silva, V., & Rouboa, A. (2018). Co-gasification and Recent Developments on Waste-to-Energy Conversion: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81(1), 380-398.
[21] Pinto, F., Franco, C., André, R., Miranda, M., Gulyurtlu, I., & Cabrita, I. (2002). Co-gasification Study of Biomass Mixed with Plastic Wastes. Fuel, 81(3), 291-297.
[22] Fan, H., Gu, J., Hu, S., Yuan, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Co-pyrolysis and Co-gasification of Biomass and Polyethylene: Thermal Behaviors, Volatile Products and Characteristics of their Residues. Journal of the Energy Institute, 92(6), 1926-1935.
[23] Xu, D., Xiong, Y., Ye, J., Su, Y., Dong, Q., & Zhang, S. (2020). Performances of Syngas Production and Deposited Coke Regulation During Co-gasification of Biomass and Plastic Wastes Over Ni/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst: Role of Biomass to Plastic Ratio in Feedstock. Chemical Engineering Journal, 392(1), 123728.
[24] Onwudili, J. A., Lea-Langton, A. R., Ross, A. B., & Williams, P. T. (2013). Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification of Algae for Hydrogen Production: Composition of Reaction Products and Potential for Nutrient Recycling. Bioresource Technology, 127(1), 72-80.
[25] Mustapha, S. I., Mohammed, U. A., Bux, F., & Isa, Y. M. (2021). Hydrothermal Gasification of Scenedesmus obliquus and its Derivatives: A Thermodynamic Study using Aspen Plus. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 15(15), 1421-1430.
[26] Atikah, M. S. N., & Harun, R. (2019). Simulation and Optimization of Chlorella vulgaris Gasification using Aspen Plus. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability, 3(1), 349-357.
[27] Shahbaz, M., Al-Ansari, T., Inayat, M., Sulaiman, S. A., Parthasarathy, P., & McKay, G. (2020). A Critical Review on the Influence of Process Parameters in Catalytic Co-gasification: Current Performance and Challenges for a Future Prospectus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 134(1), 110382.
[28] Tavares, R., Ramos, A., & Rouboa, A. (2018). Microplastics Thermal Treatment by Polyethylene Terephthalate-Biomass Gasification. Energy Conversion and Management, 162(1), 118-131.
[29] Ramos, A., & Rouboa, A. (2020). Syngas Production Strategies from Biomass Gasification: Numerical Studies for Operational Conditions and Quality Indexes. Renewable Energy, 155(1), 1211-1221.
[30] Singh, D. K., & Tirkey, J. V. (2021). Modeling and Multi-objective Optimization of Variable Air Gasification Performance Parameters using Syzygium cumini Biomass by Integrating ASPEN Plus with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(36), 18816-18831.
[31] Raheem, A., WA, W. A. K. G., Taufiq-Yap, Y. H., Danquah, M. K., & Harun, R. (2015). Optimization of the Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris for Syngas Production using Central Composite Design. RSC Advances, 5(88), 71805-71815.
[32] Adnan, M. A., Susanto, H., Binous, H., Muraza, O., & Hossain, M. M. (2017). Feed Compositions and Gasification Potential of Several Biomasses including a Microalgae: A Thermodynamic Modeling Approach. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(27), 17009-17019.
[33] Chaiwatanodom, P., Vivanpatarakij, S., & Assabumrungrat, S. (2014). Thermodynamic Analysis of Biomass Gasification with CO2 Recycle for Synthesis Gas Production. Applied Energy, 114, 10-17.
[34] Yaghoubi, E., Xiong, Q., Doranehgard, M. H., Yeganeh, M. M., Shahriari, G., & Bidabadi, M. (2018). The Effect of Different Operational Parameters on Hydrogen Rich Syngas Production from Biomass Gasification in a Dual Fluidized Bed Gasifier. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 126, 210-221.
[35] Adnan, M. A., & Hossain, M. M. (2018). Co-gasification of Indonesian Coal and Microalgae–A Thermodynamic Study and Performance Evaluation. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 128(1), 1-9.
[36] Raheem, A., Abbasi, S. A., Mangi, F. H., Ahmed, S., He, Q., Ding, L., Memon, A. A., Zhao, M., & Yu, G. (2021). Gasification of Algal Residue for Synthesis Gas Production. Algal Research, 58, 102411.
[37] Adnan, M. A., Susanto, H., Binous, H., Muraza, O., & Hossain, M. M. (2017). Feed Compositions and Gasification Potential of Several Biomasses including a Microalgae: A Thermodynamic Modeling Approach. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(27), 17009-17019.
[38] Zaini, I. N., Nurdiawati, A., & Aziz, M. (2017). Cogeneration of Power and H2 by Steam Gasification and Syngas Chemical Looping of Macroalgae. Applied Energy, 207, 134-145.
[39] Sharma, S., & Sheth, P. N. (2016). Air–Steam Biomass Gasification: Experiments, Modeling and Simulation. Energy Conversion and Management, 110, 307-318.
[40] Ajorloo, M., Ghodrat, M., Scott, J., & Strezov, V. (2022). Modelling and Statistical Analysis of Plastic Biomass Mixture Co-gasification. Energy, 256, 124638.
[41] Yong, Y. S., & Rasid, R. A. (2021). Process Simulation of Hydrogen Production Through Biomass Gasification: Introduction of Torrefaction Pre-treatment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(100), 42040-42050.
[42] Saebea, D., Ruengrit, P., Arpornwichanop, A., & Patcharavorachot, Y. (2020). Gasification of Plastic Waste for Synthesis Gas Production. Energy Reports, 6(1), 202-207.
[43] Luo, J., Lin, J., Ma, R., Chen, X., Sun, S., Zhang, P., & Liu, X. (2020). Effect of Different Ash/organics and C/H/O Ratios on Characteristics and Reaction Mechanisms of Sludge Microwave Pyrolysis to Generate Bio-fuels. Waste Management, 117(1), 188-197.
[44] Donskoy, I. (2017). Mathematical Modelling and Optimization of Biomass-Plastic Fixed-bed Downdraft Co-Gasification Process. EPJ Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 159, 00010.
[45] Donskoi, I. (2018). Process Simulation of the Co-gasification of Wood and Polymeric Materials in a Fixed Bed. Solid Fuel Chemistry, 52(1), 121-127.
[46] Chin, B., Yusup, S., Al-Shoaibi, A., Kannan, P., Srinivasakannan, C., & Sulaiman, S. (2014). Investigation of Co-Gasification of Rubber Seed Shell and High Density Polyethylene Mixtures. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 39(1), 505-510.
[47] Rosha, P., Kumar, S., Vikram, S., Ibrahim, H., & Ala'a, H. (2022). H2-enriched Gaseous Fuel Production via Co-gasification of an Algae-plastic Waste Mixture using Aspen PLUS. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(62), 26294-26302.
[48] Salisu, J., Gao, N., Quan, C., Yanik, J., & Artioli, N. (2023). Co-gasification of Rice Husk and Plastic in the Presence of CaO using a Novel ANN Model-incorporated Aspen Plus Simulation. Journal of the Energy Institute, 108, 101239.
[49] Van-Kasteren, J. M. (2006). Co-gasification of Wood and Polyethylene with the Aim of CO and H2 Production. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(2), 95-98.
[50] Ramzan, N., Ashraf, A., Naveed, S., & Malik, A. (2011). Simulation of Hybrid Biomass Gasification using Aspen Plus: A Comparative Performance Analysis for Food, Municipal Solid and Poultry Waste. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(9), 3962-3969.
[51] Pinto, F., Franco, C., Andre, R. N., Tavares, C., Dias, M., Gulyurtlu, I., & Cabrita, I. (2003). Effect of Experimental Conditions on Co-gasification of Coal, Biomass and Plastics Wastes with Air/Steam Mixtures in a Fluidized Bed System. Fuel, 82(1), 15-17.
[52] Qin, Y-H., Feng, J., & Li, W-Y. (2010). Formation of Tar and its Characterization During Air–Steam Gasification of Sawdust in a Fluidized Bed Reactor, Fuel, 89(7), 1344-1347.
[53] Lopez, G., Erkiaga, A., Amutio, M., Bilbao, J., & Olazar, M. (2015). Effect of Polyethylene Co-feeding in the Steam Gasification of Biomass in a Conical Spouted Bed Reactor. Fuel, 153(1), 393-401.