Production and Characterization of Ackee Apple (Blighia sapida) Seeds and African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Seeds Oil Mixtures and their Biodiesel
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Published:
Mar 31, 2024
Keywords:
Ackee Apple, African Star Apple, Biodiesels, Physicochemical Properties, Transesterification
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Abstract
This paper focused on the characterization of oils and biodiesels derived from Ackee apple seeds and African star apple seeds obtained from local markets. The oils from individual seeds and their mixtures at varying ratios were characterised for relative density, free fatty acid, acid, iodine, and saponification, which yielded 0.91 g/cm3, 1.06 mg-KOH/g, 2.12 mg-KOH/g, 38.36mg-iodine/100g, and 195.74 mg-KOH/g of ackee seed oil, respectively. And 0.89 g/cm3, 2.105 mg-KOH/g, 4.2 mg-KOH/g, 52.49 mg-iodine/100 g, and 227.7 mg-KOH/g of African star apple seed oil, respectively. The highest relative density of 0.9064 g/cm3 and free fatty acid of 3.73 mg-KOH/g were achieved from the mixture of ackee apple and African star apple seeds’ oils at 80 and 20%, respectively, while the highest saponification of 221.264 mg-KOH/g and iodine of 49.66 mg-iodine/100 g were obtained from the oil mixture of 20 and 80%, respectively. Also, the oils extracted from the seeds, were subjected to a transesterification process to produce biodiesel. 144°C flash point, 206°C fire point, and 2.8°C cloud point were obtained from the biodiesel of the oil mixture of 20 and 80%, respectively. Further analysis of the mixtures showed low volatility and high resistance to fire due to their high flash and fire points. The highest value recorded for the flash point is lower when compared with some other seed oils flash points; however this value is higher than the standard flash point for biodiesels .Highest boiling point of 64°C was attained at an oil mixture ratio of 60 and 40%, respectively. This value is too low compared to the normal boiling point range of 315-350°C for biodiesels, and the high acid values recoded for the mixtures make the oils inedible. The oils, however, have advantages over other edible seed oils as they will serve as valuable ingredients in the soap-making industries since they are not competing with food resources
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Olumoroti, I. A., Oyelaran, A. O., & Bolaji, B. (2024). Production and Characterization of Ackee Apple (Blighia sapida) Seeds and African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Seeds Oil Mixtures and their Biodiesel. ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 7(1), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2024.0701.10-j
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References
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[14] Adeyemi, D.T., Saleh, A., Akande, F.B., Oniya, O.O. & Ola, F.A. (2021). Determination of fuel properties of biodiesel from sand apple seed oil with automotive gas oil blend. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 25(8), 1365-1369. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i8.12.
[15] Anggono, W., Gotama, G.J., Jonathan, K., Suprianto, F.D. & Sutrisno, T. (2024, January). Fuel properties and diesel engine performances of biodiesel blends derived from Salacca zalacca seed oil. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2951(1), 040001. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0182564.
[16] Sahin, S., Ersoy, R. & Menges, H.O. (2024). Determination of some fuel properties of binary biodiesel and binary biodiesel–diesel blend fuels obtained from camelina oil and waste frying oils. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 13(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1374662.
[17] Rominiyi, L., Adaramola, B., Eiche, J.F., Oginni, O.T., Ewere, D.V. & Oni, T.O. (2024). Tranesterification and Comparative Analysis of Bio Diesel Production Using Blighia Sapida (Ackee Seed) as Substrate. Key Engineering Materials, 974, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-YICrD8.
[18] Odunayo, O.O. (2022). Modelling the drying kinetics of ackee apple (Blighia sapida) arils under oven and sun drying methods. Annals: Food Science & Technology, 23(2). 150 - 163.
[19] Falloon, O.N., Mujaffar, S. & Minott, D. (2020). Physicochemical and functional properties of starch from ackee (Blighia sapida) seeds. West Indian Journal of Engineering, 42(2): 54-65.
[20] Akinmoladun, A.C., Falaiye, O.E., Ojo, O.B., Adeoti, A., Amoo, Z.A. & Olaleye, M.T. (2022). Effect of extraction technique, solvent polarity, and plant matrix on the antioxidant properties of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don (African Star Apple). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 46(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00718-y.
[21] Tsado, A.N., Ibrahim, J.N., Abdulkadir, A., Jiya, A.G., Gana, D., Okoli, R.N., Kolo, O.O. & Mamman, A. (2023). Nutritional composition of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) seed obtained from Tunga market in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 27(8), 1745-1752. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i8.19.
[22] Abel, O M., Chinelo, A.S., Cynthia, I. & Agbajor, G.K. (2020). Evaluation of African star apple (chrysophyllum albidum) seed oil as a potential feedstock for industrial application. Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research , 7(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJACR/2020/v7i130174.
[23] Betiku, E., Akintunde, A.M. & Ojumu, T.V. (2016). Banana peels as a biobase catalyst for fatty acid methyl esters production using Napoleon's plume (Bauhinia monandra) seed oil: A process parameters optimization study. Energy, 103, 797–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.138.
[24] Bashir, O.O., Omolara, O.O., Ibrahim, O.O. and Hauwa, S.A. (2022). Investigation of physicochemical and fatty acid composition of oils from ripe and unripe blighia sapida fruit. Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry, 4(1), 53 - 61. https://doi.org/10.22034/ajcb.2022.330991.1110.
[25] Ojha, P.K., Poudel, D.K., Rokaya, A., Maharjan, S., Timsina, S., Poudel, A., Satyal, R. Satyal, P. and Setzer, W.N. (2024). Chemical compositions and essential fatty acid analysis of selected vegetable oils and fats. Compounds, 4(1), 37-70. https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds4010003.
[26] Anconi, A.C.S.A., de Jesus Fonseca, J.L. and Nunes, C.A. (2024). A digital image-based colorimetric method for measuring free acidity in edible vegetable oils. Food Chemistry, 443, 138555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138555.
[27] Dunn, R.O. (2021). Correlating the cloud point of biodiesel with its fatty acid methyl ester composition: Multiple regression analyses and the weighted saturation factor (wSF). Fuel, 300, 120820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120820.
[28] Costa do Nascimento, D., Souza, M.P.D.O., Hentges, L D.O., Dias, R.M., Neto, A.M.B. and Costa, M. C. D. (2024). Mixture Flash Point Calculation: Recent Advances and a Closer Look at Biodiesel. ACS Chemical Health & Safety, 31(1), 22-43. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.3c00089.
[2] Oyelaran, O. A. (2018). Fuel and Physiochemical Properties of Mango (Mangifera indica) Seed Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 20(3), 108–115.
[3] Yang, Z., Shah, K., Pilon-McCullough, C., Faragher, R., Azmi, P., Hollebone, B., Fieldhouse, B., Yang, C., Dey, D., Lambert, P. & Beaulac, V. (2024). Characterization of renewable diesel, petroleum diesel and renewable diesel/biodiesel/petroleum diesel blends. Renewable Energy, 120151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120151.
[4] Nwufo, O.C., Nzebuka, G.C., Okonkwo, B.U., Okorafor, O.O., Onwuachu, C.C., Ononogbo, C. &Igbokwe, J.O. (2023). Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seed oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production in Nigeria. Biofuels, 14(7), 713-720. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2023.2167272.
[5] Shaah, M.A.H., Hossain, M.S., Allafi, F.A.S., Alsaedi, A., Ismail, N., Abkadir, M.O. & Ahmad, M.I. (2021). A review on non-edible oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel: physicochemical properties and production technologies. RSC advances, 11(40), 25018-25037.
[6] Duarte, M.P., Hamilton, A. & Naccache, R. (2024). Catalytic and non-catalytic transesterification of non-edible oils to biodiesel. In Biomass to Bioenergy, Woodhead Publishing, Chapter 4, 73-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15377-8.00004-7.
[7] Yilbaşi, Z., Yesilyurt, M. K. & Arslan, M. (2023). The production of methyl ester from industrial grade hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil: a perspective of Turkey—the optimizations study using the Taguchi method. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(11), 9955-9975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01751-z.
[8] Samuel, O.D., Okwu, M.O., Amosun, S.T., Verma, T.N. & Afolalu, S.A. (2019). Production of fatty acid ethyl esters from rubber seed oil in hydrodynamic cavitation reactor: Study of reaction parameters and some fuel properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 141, 111658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111658.
[9] Lawrence, K.R., Anchupogu, P., Reddygari, M.R., Gangula, V.R., Balasubramanian, D. & Veerasamy, S. (2024). Optimization of biodiesel yield and performance investigations on diesel engine powered with hydrogen and acetylene gas injected with enriched Jojoba biodiesel blend. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 50(1), 502-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.09.166.
[10] Khan, I.U., Long, H. & Yu, Y. (2024). Potential and comparative studies of six non-edible seed oil feedstock’s for biodiesel production. International Journal of Green Energy, 21(4), 883-903. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2023.2222309.
[11] Agu, C.M., Orakwue, C.C., Ani, O.N., Chinedu, M.P., Kadurumba, C.H. & Ahaneku, I.E. (2024). Methyl ester production from cotton seed oil via catalytic transesterification process; characterization, fatty acids composition, kinetics, and thermodynamics study. Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment, 5, 100064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100064.
[12] Yesilyurt, M.K., Cesur, C., Aslan, V. and Yilbasi, Z. (2020). The production of biodiesel from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil as a potential feedstock and its usage in compression ignition engine: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119, 109574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109574.
[13] Bombo, K., Lekgoba, T., Azeez, O. & Muzenda, E. (2021). Production of Biodiesel from and Seed Oils over a Modified ZnO/Fly Ash Catalyst. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 25(1), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0010.
[14] Adeyemi, D.T., Saleh, A., Akande, F.B., Oniya, O.O. & Ola, F.A. (2021). Determination of fuel properties of biodiesel from sand apple seed oil with automotive gas oil blend. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 25(8), 1365-1369. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i8.12.
[15] Anggono, W., Gotama, G.J., Jonathan, K., Suprianto, F.D. & Sutrisno, T. (2024, January). Fuel properties and diesel engine performances of biodiesel blends derived from Salacca zalacca seed oil. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2951(1), 040001. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0182564.
[16] Sahin, S., Ersoy, R. & Menges, H.O. (2024). Determination of some fuel properties of binary biodiesel and binary biodiesel–diesel blend fuels obtained from camelina oil and waste frying oils. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 13(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1374662.
[17] Rominiyi, L., Adaramola, B., Eiche, J.F., Oginni, O.T., Ewere, D.V. & Oni, T.O. (2024). Tranesterification and Comparative Analysis of Bio Diesel Production Using Blighia Sapida (Ackee Seed) as Substrate. Key Engineering Materials, 974, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-YICrD8.
[18] Odunayo, O.O. (2022). Modelling the drying kinetics of ackee apple (Blighia sapida) arils under oven and sun drying methods. Annals: Food Science & Technology, 23(2). 150 - 163.
[19] Falloon, O.N., Mujaffar, S. & Minott, D. (2020). Physicochemical and functional properties of starch from ackee (Blighia sapida) seeds. West Indian Journal of Engineering, 42(2): 54-65.
[20] Akinmoladun, A.C., Falaiye, O.E., Ojo, O.B., Adeoti, A., Amoo, Z.A. & Olaleye, M.T. (2022). Effect of extraction technique, solvent polarity, and plant matrix on the antioxidant properties of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don (African Star Apple). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 46(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00718-y.
[21] Tsado, A.N., Ibrahim, J.N., Abdulkadir, A., Jiya, A.G., Gana, D., Okoli, R.N., Kolo, O.O. & Mamman, A. (2023). Nutritional composition of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) seed obtained from Tunga market in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 27(8), 1745-1752. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i8.19.
[22] Abel, O M., Chinelo, A.S., Cynthia, I. & Agbajor, G.K. (2020). Evaluation of African star apple (chrysophyllum albidum) seed oil as a potential feedstock for industrial application. Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research , 7(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJACR/2020/v7i130174.
[23] Betiku, E., Akintunde, A.M. & Ojumu, T.V. (2016). Banana peels as a biobase catalyst for fatty acid methyl esters production using Napoleon's plume (Bauhinia monandra) seed oil: A process parameters optimization study. Energy, 103, 797–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.138.
[24] Bashir, O.O., Omolara, O.O., Ibrahim, O.O. and Hauwa, S.A. (2022). Investigation of physicochemical and fatty acid composition of oils from ripe and unripe blighia sapida fruit. Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry, 4(1), 53 - 61. https://doi.org/10.22034/ajcb.2022.330991.1110.
[25] Ojha, P.K., Poudel, D.K., Rokaya, A., Maharjan, S., Timsina, S., Poudel, A., Satyal, R. Satyal, P. and Setzer, W.N. (2024). Chemical compositions and essential fatty acid analysis of selected vegetable oils and fats. Compounds, 4(1), 37-70. https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds4010003.
[26] Anconi, A.C.S.A., de Jesus Fonseca, J.L. and Nunes, C.A. (2024). A digital image-based colorimetric method for measuring free acidity in edible vegetable oils. Food Chemistry, 443, 138555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138555.
[27] Dunn, R.O. (2021). Correlating the cloud point of biodiesel with its fatty acid methyl ester composition: Multiple regression analyses and the weighted saturation factor (wSF). Fuel, 300, 120820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120820.
[28] Costa do Nascimento, D., Souza, M.P.D.O., Hentges, L D.O., Dias, R.M., Neto, A.M.B. and Costa, M. C. D. (2024). Mixture Flash Point Calculation: Recent Advances and a Closer Look at Biodiesel. ACS Chemical Health & Safety, 31(1), 22-43. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.3c00089.