Healthcare Waste Management: An Overview
Article Sidebar
Published:
Mar 31, 2024
Keywords:
Healthcare waste management, Developing Countries, Environmental Hazards, Artificial Intelligence, Geographic
Main Article Content
Abstract
Healthcare waste (HCW) is a vital global issue that cannot be overlooked due to its threat to humans and the environment stemming from its infectious and hazardous nature. This study examines previous works undertaken on healthcare waste management (HCWM) practices around the world, notably the developing countries with a particular interest in segregation, collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of HCW. This study draws attention to the environmental hazards arising from each stage of HCWM. Factors affecting HCWM practices have also been discussed. This study revealed evidence of poor HCWM practices in many developing countries. It also showed the impacts of human and non-human factors on HCWM practices. Proper documentation, sufficient budget, adequate supply of HCWM materials, frequent training of healthcare workers, and development of local manuals and guides are essential if a country is determined to achieve an efficient and sustainable HCWM system. Liquid HCW needs to be investigated as much as the solid HCW. Exploration of HCW minimization, reuse, and recycling opportunities is recommended for future research. The use of Modern-day technology such as Artificial Intelligence and geographic information system (GIS) has provided good results so far. However, they can be explored further for prediction, real-time monitoring, and reporting of HCW. The present study can be adopted as a guide in discussing issues about HCWM.
Article Details
How to Cite
Raji, M. O., & Adeogun, A. G. (2024). Healthcare Waste Management: An Overview. ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 7(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2024.0701.02-j
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
[1] Oli, A. N., Ekejindu, C. C., Adje, D. U., Ezeobi, I., Ejiofor, O. S., Ibeh, C. C., & Ubajaka, C. F. (2016). Healthcare waste management in selected government and private hospitals in Southeast Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(1), 84-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.09.019
[2] Afon, A. O., Afolabi, A. S., Agbabiaka, H. I., & Akinbinu, A. A. (2017). Determinants of hospital solid waste composition of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC) Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Cogent Environmental Science, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2017.1300863
[3] Dereje, M. A., Tadese, E. T., Yared, M. G., & Getasew, M. (2020). Healthcare Waste Management Practice and Associated Factors among Private and Public Hospitals of Bahir Dar City Administration. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020(7837564), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7837564
[4] Joseph, L., Paul, H., Premkumar, J., & Paul, R. (2015). Biomedical waste management: Study on the awareness and practice among healthcare workers in a tertiary teaching hospital. Indian J Med Microbiol, 33(1), 129-131. https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.148411
[5] Maina, S. M., Andrew, N. K., & Caroline, W. N. (2016). Assessment of Level of Knowledge in Medical Waste Management in Selected Hospitals in Kenya. Applied Micro Open, 2(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2471-9315.1000124
[6] Ugwu, E. I., Ekeleme, A.C., Okolie, S. T. A., Ibe, O. P., Chieke, C. F., Ibearugbulem, H. O., Omeje, M., Ede, A N, Awoyera, P.O, & Ugwu, E.C. (2019). Characterization of Medical Wastes from Selected Hospitals in Umuahia, Nigeria. Journal of Physics Conference Series (Online), 1378(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/4/042058
[7] Akkajit, P., Romin, H., & Assawadithalerd, M. (2020). Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Respect of Medical Waste Management among Healthcare Workers in Clinics. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020(8745472), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8745472
[8] Onoh, L. (2018). Comparison of Hospital Waste Management by Healthcare Workers in Two Selected (Private and Public) Hospitals in Enugu, South East Nigeria. Natl J Integr Res Med, 9(4), 55-61. Retrieved from https://nicpd.ac.in/ojs-/index.php/njirm/article/view/2383
[9] Malik, N., Mehmood, Z., & Mahmood, B. (2021). Bio-Medical Waste Management Practices Among Healthcare Professionals: A Case Study in District Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 3(4), 535-540. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.315
[10] WHO. (2017). Safe Management of Wastes from Health-Care Activities. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259491
[11] WHO. (2014). Safe Management of Wastes from Healthcare Activities, 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
[12] WHO. (2018). Health-care waste. Available: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/health-care-waste
[13] USEPA. (1990). Guides to Pollution Prevention, Selected Hospital Waste Stream. Washington, DC, USA: EPA Office of Research and Development.
[14] Al Fatlawi, S., & Al-Alwani, M. (2023). A Model for Predicting Medical Solid Waste in Hilla City, Iraq. J Environ Health Sustain Dev, 8(1), 1923-1937. https://doi.org/10.18502/jehsd.v8i1.12325
[15] Nor Faiza, M., Noor Artika, H., & Yusof, M. (2019). Healthcare Waste Management and Sustainable Development Goals in Malaysia. Journal of Wastes and Biomass Management, 1(1), 18-20. https://doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.01.2019.18.20
[16] Ansari, M., Ehrampoush, M. H., Farzadkia, M., & Ahmadi, E. (2019). Dynamic Assessment of Economic and Environmental Performance Index and Generation, Composition, Environmental and Human Health Risks of Hospital Solid Waste in Developing Countries; A state of the art of review. Environment International, 132(105073), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105073
[17] Adu, R. O., Gyasi, S. F., Essumang, D. K., & Otabil, K. B. (2020). Medical Waste-Sorting and Management Practices in Five Hospitals in Ghana. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020(2934296), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2934296
[18] Gidarakos, E., Petrantonaki, M., Anastasiadou, K., & Schramm, K. (2009). Characterization and hazard evaluation of bottom ash produced from incinerated hospital waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172(2-3), 935–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.080
[19] Al-Khatib, I., Khalaf, A., Al-Sari, M., & Anayah, F. (2020). Medical waste management at three hospitals in Jenin district, Palestine. Environ Monit Assess, 192(10), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7992-0
[20] Odonkor, S., & Mahami, T. (2020). Healthcare waste management in Ghanaian hospitals: Associated public health and environmental challenges. Waste Management & Research, 00(0), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X20914748
[21] Awad, A. R., Obeidat, M., & Al-Shareef, B. (2004). Mathematical-Statistical Models of Generated Hazardous Hospital Solid Waste. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 39(2), 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120027524
[22] Sapkota, B., Gupta, G. K., & Mainali, D. (2014). Impact of intervention on healthcare waste management practices in a tertiary care governmental hospital of Nepal. BMC Public Health, 14(1005), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1005
[23] Som, U., & Hossain, M. S. (2018). Medical Waste Management is Vital for Safe Town Development: An Incident Study in Jessore Town, Bangladesh. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 2(3), 36, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr/2668
[24] Bdour, A., Altrabsheh, B., Hadadin, N., & Al-Shareif, M. (2007). Assessment of Medical Wastes Management Practice: A Case Study of the Northern Part of Jordan. Waste Management, 27(2), 746-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.03.004
[25] Khedre, H. B., Saleh, A., & Abdo, W. (2020). Assessment of Healthcare Wastes Management at Egyptian Hospital: Case Study at Qotour General Hospital. Journal of Environmental Studies and Researches, 10(2), 348-361. https://doi.org/10.21608/JESR.2020.136574
[26] Alimohammadi, M., Yousefi, M., Mayvan, F., Taghavimanesh, V., Navai, H., & Mohammadi, A. (2018). Dataset on the knowledge, attitude and practices of biomedical wastes management among Neyshabur Hospital’s healthcare personnel. Data in Brief, 17, 1015–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.02.024
[27] Mbuvi, C., Kyulu, T., & Makobu, K. (2022). Proposed Solutions to Address the Challenges of Medical Waste Management in Health Facilities in Kamukunji Sub-County, Nairobi City County, Kenya. Journal of Medicine, Nursing & Public Health, 5(1), 47-67. https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t6006
[28] Agyekum, N., & Wilson, A. (2022). Medical Waste Management Practices at Healthcare Facilities in Cape Coast Metropolis. Advanced Journal of Social Science, 10(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.21467/ajss.10.1.63-74
[29] Egbo, M. (2016). An evaluation on the methods of medical waste disposal in Nigeria. Global Journal of Biological and Biomedical Research, 4(5), 189-197. Retrieved from https://www.globalscienceresearchjournals.org/abstract/an-evaluation-on-the-methods-of-medical-wasterndisposal-in-nigeria-47067.html
[30] Mokuolu, O., Akindele, R., & Olawumi, H. (2016). Development of Improved Solid Hospital Waste Management Practices in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 35(3), 674–680. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i3.28
[31] Dzekashu, L., Akoachere, J., & Mbacham, W. (2017). Medical waste management and disposal practices of health facilities in Kumbo East and Kumbo West health districts. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJMMS2016.1272
[32] Dewi, O., Sukendi, S., Ikhwan, Y., & Nazrianti, E. (2019). Characteristics and Factors Associated with Medical Waste Management Behaviour in Private Dental Health Services in Pekanbaru City, Indonesia. Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(1), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.039.
[33] Rutayisire, E., Nsabimana, J., & Habtu, M. (2019). Knowledge and Practice for Bio-Medical Waste Management among Healthcare Personnel at Kabgayi District Hospital, Rwanda. Journal of Public Health International, 1(4), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-19-3005
[34] Karki, S., Niraula, S., & Karki, S. (2020). Perceived risk and associated factors of healthcare waste in selected hospitals of Kathmandu, Nepal. PLoS ONE, 15(7): e0235982, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235982
[35] Wassie, B., Gintamo, B., Mekuria, Z., & Gizaw, Z. (2022). Healthcare Waste Management Practices and Associated Factors in Private Clinics in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environmental Health Insights, 16(11786302211073383), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302211073383
[36] Oyekale, A., & Oyekale, T. (2017). Healthcare waste management practices and safety indicators in Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 17(740), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4794-6
[37] Ugbena, E. (2016). Assessment of Healthcare Waste Management Practice in Facilities with Previous Capacity Building on Healthcare Waste Management (HCWM) in Nigeria. South American Journal of Public Health, 4(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJPH.2013.04.02.Art008
[38] Mensoor, M. K. (2020). Medical Waste Management in Iraq: A Case Study of Baghdad. Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy, 2, 329 – 335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42768-020-00055-8
[39] Awodele, O., Adewoye, A., & Oparah, A. (2016). Assessment of medical waste management in seven hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 16(269), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2916-1
[40] Gao, Q., Shi, Y., Mo, D., Nie, J., Yang, M., Rozelle, S., & Sylvia, S. (2018). Medical Waste Management in three areas of rural China. PLoS ONE, 13(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200889
[41] Dawood, F. G., Huseen, D. A., Lateef, B. Z., Raad, M., & Muthanna, I. (2020). Management of solid waste in two hospitals in Baghdad-Iraq, in Proceeding of Materials Science and Engineering, 737(012206), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012206
[42] Macaulay, B., & Odiase, F. (2016). Medical waste management practices in developing countries: a case study of health facilities in Akure, Nigeria. Int. J. Environment and Waste Management, 17(2), 103–127. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2016.076756
[43] Kwikiriza, S., Stewart, A., Mutahunga, B., Dobson, A., & Wilkinson, E. (2019). A Whole Systems Approach to Hospital Waste Management in Rural Uganda. Frontiers in Public Health, 7(136), 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00136
[44] Neves, A., Maia, C., De Castro e Silva, M., Vimieiro, G., & Mol, M. (2022). Analysis of healthcare waste management in hospitals of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(60), 90601–90614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22113-w
[45] Karenzi, J., Korukire, N., Basheija, D., Hakizimana, I., Ineza, M. C., Mukangendo, M., Kayitesi, I., Umutoni, E., Birasa, L., Niyitegeka, C., & M’Lurhe, A. A. (2019). Occupational Health Risks Associated with Medical Waste Management Practices among Health Professionals Working in Three District Hospitals in Rwanda. Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2(3), 252-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjmhs.v2i3.7
[46] Kanisek, S., Gmajnić, R., & Barać, I. (2018). Risk of Potential Exposure Incident in Non-Healthcare Workers in Contact with Infectious and Municipal Waste Zdr Varst., 57(2), 65-71. https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2018-0009
[47] Jaber, S., Aljawad, A., Prisecaru, T., & Pop, E. (2021). The Environmental Situation of the Ash Medical Waste in Baghdad City Iraq. E3S Web of Conferences, 286(02017), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128602017
[48] Afolabi, O., Aluko, O., Afolabi, B., & Fehintola, F. (2018). Healthcare waste management practices and risk Perception of healthcare workers in private healthcare facilities in an urban community in Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(9), 305-311. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2018.2534
[49] Olaifa, A., Govender, R., & Ross, A. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers about healthcare waste management at a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. South African Family Practice, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2018.1432137
[50] Thakur, V., & Ramesh, A. (2017). Analyzing composition and generation rates of biomedical waste in selected hospitals of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 20(2), 877-890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-017-0648-7
[51] Çetinkaya, A., Kuzu, S., & Demir, A. (2019). Medical waste management in a mid-populated Turkish city and development of medical waste prediction model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(7), 6233-6244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00474-6
[52] Intharathirat, R., Abdul Salam, P., Kumar, S., & Untong, A. (2015). Forecasting of municipal solid waste quantity in a developing country using multivariate grey models. Waste Management, 39, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.026
[53] Tesfahun, E., Kumie, A., & Beyene, A. (2016). Developing models for the prediction of hospital healthcare waste generation rate. Waste Management & Research, 34 (1), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15607422
[54] Golbaz, S., Nabizadeh, R., & Sajadi, H. S. (2019). Comparative study of predicting hospital solid waste generation using multiple linear regression and artificial intelligence. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 17(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-018-00324-z
[55] Debita, M., Mereuta, E., Rus, M., & Musat, C. (2014). Aspects of Medical Waste Management in County Hospital. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 656(1), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.656.515
[56] Sabour, M., Mohamedifard, A., & Kamalan, H. (2007). A mathematical model to predict the composition and generation of hospital wastes in Iran. Waste Management, 27, 584–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.05.010
[57] Idowu, I., Alo, B., Atherton, W., & Al Khaddar, R. (2013). Profile of medical waste management in two healthcare facilities in Lagos, Nigeria: a case study. Waste Management & Research, 31(5), 494–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X13479429
[58] Erdebilli, B., & Devrim-Içtenbas, E. (2022). Ensemble Voting Regression Based on Machine Learning for Predicting Medical Waste: A Case from Turkey. Mathematics, 10(14):2466, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10142466
[59] Forghani, A., Mansourian, H., & Orangi, R. (2020). Applications of GIS and Expert Systems for Hospital Wastes Site Selection: A Case Study in Mashhad, Iran. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 16(2), 1-14. Retrieved from https://journals.sfu.ca/ijg/index.php/journal/article/view/1807
[60] Torkayesh, A., Zolfani, S., Kahvand, M., & Khazaelpour, P. (2021). Landfill location selection for healthcare waste of urban areas using hybrid BWM-grey MARCOS model based on GIS. Sustainable Cities and Society, 67(102712), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102712
[2] Afon, A. O., Afolabi, A. S., Agbabiaka, H. I., & Akinbinu, A. A. (2017). Determinants of hospital solid waste composition of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC) Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Cogent Environmental Science, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2017.1300863
[3] Dereje, M. A., Tadese, E. T., Yared, M. G., & Getasew, M. (2020). Healthcare Waste Management Practice and Associated Factors among Private and Public Hospitals of Bahir Dar City Administration. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020(7837564), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7837564
[4] Joseph, L., Paul, H., Premkumar, J., & Paul, R. (2015). Biomedical waste management: Study on the awareness and practice among healthcare workers in a tertiary teaching hospital. Indian J Med Microbiol, 33(1), 129-131. https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.148411
[5] Maina, S. M., Andrew, N. K., & Caroline, W. N. (2016). Assessment of Level of Knowledge in Medical Waste Management in Selected Hospitals in Kenya. Applied Micro Open, 2(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2471-9315.1000124
[6] Ugwu, E. I., Ekeleme, A.C., Okolie, S. T. A., Ibe, O. P., Chieke, C. F., Ibearugbulem, H. O., Omeje, M., Ede, A N, Awoyera, P.O, & Ugwu, E.C. (2019). Characterization of Medical Wastes from Selected Hospitals in Umuahia, Nigeria. Journal of Physics Conference Series (Online), 1378(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/4/042058
[7] Akkajit, P., Romin, H., & Assawadithalerd, M. (2020). Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Respect of Medical Waste Management among Healthcare Workers in Clinics. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020(8745472), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8745472
[8] Onoh, L. (2018). Comparison of Hospital Waste Management by Healthcare Workers in Two Selected (Private and Public) Hospitals in Enugu, South East Nigeria. Natl J Integr Res Med, 9(4), 55-61. Retrieved from https://nicpd.ac.in/ojs-/index.php/njirm/article/view/2383
[9] Malik, N., Mehmood, Z., & Mahmood, B. (2021). Bio-Medical Waste Management Practices Among Healthcare Professionals: A Case Study in District Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 3(4), 535-540. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.315
[10] WHO. (2017). Safe Management of Wastes from Health-Care Activities. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259491
[11] WHO. (2014). Safe Management of Wastes from Healthcare Activities, 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
[12] WHO. (2018). Health-care waste. Available: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/health-care-waste
[13] USEPA. (1990). Guides to Pollution Prevention, Selected Hospital Waste Stream. Washington, DC, USA: EPA Office of Research and Development.
[14] Al Fatlawi, S., & Al-Alwani, M. (2023). A Model for Predicting Medical Solid Waste in Hilla City, Iraq. J Environ Health Sustain Dev, 8(1), 1923-1937. https://doi.org/10.18502/jehsd.v8i1.12325
[15] Nor Faiza, M., Noor Artika, H., & Yusof, M. (2019). Healthcare Waste Management and Sustainable Development Goals in Malaysia. Journal of Wastes and Biomass Management, 1(1), 18-20. https://doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.01.2019.18.20
[16] Ansari, M., Ehrampoush, M. H., Farzadkia, M., & Ahmadi, E. (2019). Dynamic Assessment of Economic and Environmental Performance Index and Generation, Composition, Environmental and Human Health Risks of Hospital Solid Waste in Developing Countries; A state of the art of review. Environment International, 132(105073), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105073
[17] Adu, R. O., Gyasi, S. F., Essumang, D. K., & Otabil, K. B. (2020). Medical Waste-Sorting and Management Practices in Five Hospitals in Ghana. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020(2934296), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2934296
[18] Gidarakos, E., Petrantonaki, M., Anastasiadou, K., & Schramm, K. (2009). Characterization and hazard evaluation of bottom ash produced from incinerated hospital waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172(2-3), 935–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.080
[19] Al-Khatib, I., Khalaf, A., Al-Sari, M., & Anayah, F. (2020). Medical waste management at three hospitals in Jenin district, Palestine. Environ Monit Assess, 192(10), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7992-0
[20] Odonkor, S., & Mahami, T. (2020). Healthcare waste management in Ghanaian hospitals: Associated public health and environmental challenges. Waste Management & Research, 00(0), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X20914748
[21] Awad, A. R., Obeidat, M., & Al-Shareef, B. (2004). Mathematical-Statistical Models of Generated Hazardous Hospital Solid Waste. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 39(2), 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120027524
[22] Sapkota, B., Gupta, G. K., & Mainali, D. (2014). Impact of intervention on healthcare waste management practices in a tertiary care governmental hospital of Nepal. BMC Public Health, 14(1005), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1005
[23] Som, U., & Hossain, M. S. (2018). Medical Waste Management is Vital for Safe Town Development: An Incident Study in Jessore Town, Bangladesh. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 2(3), 36, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr/2668
[24] Bdour, A., Altrabsheh, B., Hadadin, N., & Al-Shareif, M. (2007). Assessment of Medical Wastes Management Practice: A Case Study of the Northern Part of Jordan. Waste Management, 27(2), 746-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.03.004
[25] Khedre, H. B., Saleh, A., & Abdo, W. (2020). Assessment of Healthcare Wastes Management at Egyptian Hospital: Case Study at Qotour General Hospital. Journal of Environmental Studies and Researches, 10(2), 348-361. https://doi.org/10.21608/JESR.2020.136574
[26] Alimohammadi, M., Yousefi, M., Mayvan, F., Taghavimanesh, V., Navai, H., & Mohammadi, A. (2018). Dataset on the knowledge, attitude and practices of biomedical wastes management among Neyshabur Hospital’s healthcare personnel. Data in Brief, 17, 1015–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.02.024
[27] Mbuvi, C., Kyulu, T., & Makobu, K. (2022). Proposed Solutions to Address the Challenges of Medical Waste Management in Health Facilities in Kamukunji Sub-County, Nairobi City County, Kenya. Journal of Medicine, Nursing & Public Health, 5(1), 47-67. https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t6006
[28] Agyekum, N., & Wilson, A. (2022). Medical Waste Management Practices at Healthcare Facilities in Cape Coast Metropolis. Advanced Journal of Social Science, 10(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.21467/ajss.10.1.63-74
[29] Egbo, M. (2016). An evaluation on the methods of medical waste disposal in Nigeria. Global Journal of Biological and Biomedical Research, 4(5), 189-197. Retrieved from https://www.globalscienceresearchjournals.org/abstract/an-evaluation-on-the-methods-of-medical-wasterndisposal-in-nigeria-47067.html
[30] Mokuolu, O., Akindele, R., & Olawumi, H. (2016). Development of Improved Solid Hospital Waste Management Practices in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 35(3), 674–680. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i3.28
[31] Dzekashu, L., Akoachere, J., & Mbacham, W. (2017). Medical waste management and disposal practices of health facilities in Kumbo East and Kumbo West health districts. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJMMS2016.1272
[32] Dewi, O., Sukendi, S., Ikhwan, Y., & Nazrianti, E. (2019). Characteristics and Factors Associated with Medical Waste Management Behaviour in Private Dental Health Services in Pekanbaru City, Indonesia. Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(1), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.039.
[33] Rutayisire, E., Nsabimana, J., & Habtu, M. (2019). Knowledge and Practice for Bio-Medical Waste Management among Healthcare Personnel at Kabgayi District Hospital, Rwanda. Journal of Public Health International, 1(4), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-19-3005
[34] Karki, S., Niraula, S., & Karki, S. (2020). Perceived risk and associated factors of healthcare waste in selected hospitals of Kathmandu, Nepal. PLoS ONE, 15(7): e0235982, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235982
[35] Wassie, B., Gintamo, B., Mekuria, Z., & Gizaw, Z. (2022). Healthcare Waste Management Practices and Associated Factors in Private Clinics in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environmental Health Insights, 16(11786302211073383), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302211073383
[36] Oyekale, A., & Oyekale, T. (2017). Healthcare waste management practices and safety indicators in Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 17(740), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4794-6
[37] Ugbena, E. (2016). Assessment of Healthcare Waste Management Practice in Facilities with Previous Capacity Building on Healthcare Waste Management (HCWM) in Nigeria. South American Journal of Public Health, 4(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJPH.2013.04.02.Art008
[38] Mensoor, M. K. (2020). Medical Waste Management in Iraq: A Case Study of Baghdad. Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy, 2, 329 – 335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42768-020-00055-8
[39] Awodele, O., Adewoye, A., & Oparah, A. (2016). Assessment of medical waste management in seven hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 16(269), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2916-1
[40] Gao, Q., Shi, Y., Mo, D., Nie, J., Yang, M., Rozelle, S., & Sylvia, S. (2018). Medical Waste Management in three areas of rural China. PLoS ONE, 13(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200889
[41] Dawood, F. G., Huseen, D. A., Lateef, B. Z., Raad, M., & Muthanna, I. (2020). Management of solid waste in two hospitals in Baghdad-Iraq, in Proceeding of Materials Science and Engineering, 737(012206), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012206
[42] Macaulay, B., & Odiase, F. (2016). Medical waste management practices in developing countries: a case study of health facilities in Akure, Nigeria. Int. J. Environment and Waste Management, 17(2), 103–127. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2016.076756
[43] Kwikiriza, S., Stewart, A., Mutahunga, B., Dobson, A., & Wilkinson, E. (2019). A Whole Systems Approach to Hospital Waste Management in Rural Uganda. Frontiers in Public Health, 7(136), 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00136
[44] Neves, A., Maia, C., De Castro e Silva, M., Vimieiro, G., & Mol, M. (2022). Analysis of healthcare waste management in hospitals of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(60), 90601–90614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22113-w
[45] Karenzi, J., Korukire, N., Basheija, D., Hakizimana, I., Ineza, M. C., Mukangendo, M., Kayitesi, I., Umutoni, E., Birasa, L., Niyitegeka, C., & M’Lurhe, A. A. (2019). Occupational Health Risks Associated with Medical Waste Management Practices among Health Professionals Working in Three District Hospitals in Rwanda. Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2(3), 252-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjmhs.v2i3.7
[46] Kanisek, S., Gmajnić, R., & Barać, I. (2018). Risk of Potential Exposure Incident in Non-Healthcare Workers in Contact with Infectious and Municipal Waste Zdr Varst., 57(2), 65-71. https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2018-0009
[47] Jaber, S., Aljawad, A., Prisecaru, T., & Pop, E. (2021). The Environmental Situation of the Ash Medical Waste in Baghdad City Iraq. E3S Web of Conferences, 286(02017), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128602017
[48] Afolabi, O., Aluko, O., Afolabi, B., & Fehintola, F. (2018). Healthcare waste management practices and risk Perception of healthcare workers in private healthcare facilities in an urban community in Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(9), 305-311. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2018.2534
[49] Olaifa, A., Govender, R., & Ross, A. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers about healthcare waste management at a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. South African Family Practice, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2018.1432137
[50] Thakur, V., & Ramesh, A. (2017). Analyzing composition and generation rates of biomedical waste in selected hospitals of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 20(2), 877-890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-017-0648-7
[51] Çetinkaya, A., Kuzu, S., & Demir, A. (2019). Medical waste management in a mid-populated Turkish city and development of medical waste prediction model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(7), 6233-6244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00474-6
[52] Intharathirat, R., Abdul Salam, P., Kumar, S., & Untong, A. (2015). Forecasting of municipal solid waste quantity in a developing country using multivariate grey models. Waste Management, 39, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.026
[53] Tesfahun, E., Kumie, A., & Beyene, A. (2016). Developing models for the prediction of hospital healthcare waste generation rate. Waste Management & Research, 34 (1), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15607422
[54] Golbaz, S., Nabizadeh, R., & Sajadi, H. S. (2019). Comparative study of predicting hospital solid waste generation using multiple linear regression and artificial intelligence. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 17(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-018-00324-z
[55] Debita, M., Mereuta, E., Rus, M., & Musat, C. (2014). Aspects of Medical Waste Management in County Hospital. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 656(1), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.656.515
[56] Sabour, M., Mohamedifard, A., & Kamalan, H. (2007). A mathematical model to predict the composition and generation of hospital wastes in Iran. Waste Management, 27, 584–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.05.010
[57] Idowu, I., Alo, B., Atherton, W., & Al Khaddar, R. (2013). Profile of medical waste management in two healthcare facilities in Lagos, Nigeria: a case study. Waste Management & Research, 31(5), 494–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X13479429
[58] Erdebilli, B., & Devrim-Içtenbas, E. (2022). Ensemble Voting Regression Based on Machine Learning for Predicting Medical Waste: A Case from Turkey. Mathematics, 10(14):2466, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10142466
[59] Forghani, A., Mansourian, H., & Orangi, R. (2020). Applications of GIS and Expert Systems for Hospital Wastes Site Selection: A Case Study in Mashhad, Iran. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 16(2), 1-14. Retrieved from https://journals.sfu.ca/ijg/index.php/journal/article/view/1807
[60] Torkayesh, A., Zolfani, S., Kahvand, M., & Khazaelpour, P. (2021). Landfill location selection for healthcare waste of urban areas using hybrid BWM-grey MARCOS model based on GIS. Sustainable Cities and Society, 67(102712), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102712