Eco-Friendly Tile Production: Transforming Waste Glass into Economic Environmental Value
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The increasing accumulation of glass bottle waste (GBW) in Nigeria presents is a pressing environmental concern due to its non-biodegradable nature and minimal recycling initiatives. Its reuse in construction materials also offers a sustainable solution. This study evaluates the feasibility of using GBW in tile production. By incorporating finely ground waste glass as a primary constituent for fine aggregates in combination with Portland Limestone Cement, experimental tile samples were produced and tested to determine their suitability for construction use. Cement proportions were varied at 10%, 15%, and 20% to examine their influence on physical and mechanical properties such as water absorption, modulus of rupture, surface hardness, and thermal resistance. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate key physical and mechanical properties, including modulus of rupture, splitting tensile strength, water absorption, apparent relative density, bulk density, moisture expansion, linear thermal expansion, and hardness. The results revealed that tiles containing waste glass exhibited improved mechanical performance, particularly in terms of flexural and splitting tensile strength. This indicates that waste glass contributes positively to the structural integrity of the tiles. However, the tiles also showed increased water absorption, which may affect long-term durability, especially in moisture-prone environments. Despite this limitation, the findings suggest that waste glass can be effectively used as a material in tile production, promoting recycling and reducing reliance on natural raw materials.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Edom. S. (2023), How to start a lucrative glass business in Nigeria and Africa: The Complete Guide- Startup Tips Daily Media: August 4, 2023.
Adeleye S.A., (2020), Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Tiles from Recycled Wood- Plastic Composites for Sustainable Development. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 2(8), 514-520.
Lachibi, F., Aboutaleb, D., Zaidi, O. & Safi, B. (2023), Using glass wastes and bentonite to produce a new ceramic tile, Original Scientific Article, 69(3), 1-14, doi: 10.2478/rmzmag-2023-0005.
Ogunro, A. S.; Apeh, F. I.; Nwannenna, O. C. & Ibhadode, O. (2018). Recycling of Waste Glass as Aggregate for Clay Used in Ceramic Tile Production, American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER). 7 (8), 272-278.
Kou S.C. & Poon, C.S. (2009). Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with recycled glass aggregate, Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(2), 107-113, doi: 0.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.12.002.
Ismail Z. Z. & AL-Hashmi, E. A. (2009). Recycling of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, Waste Management, 25(2), 655 – 659, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.012
Borhan T. M., (2012) Properties of glass concrete reinforced with short basalt fibre, Materials & Design, 42, 265-271, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.05.062.
Safarizki H A, Gunawan L I, & Marwahyudi (2020) Effectiveness of Glass Powder as a Partial Replacement of Sand in Concrete Mixtures, 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1625 (2020) 012025, IOP Publishing, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1625/1/012025
Kaffayatullah K., Waqas, A., Nasir, M.A., Isfar, R., Abu Arab, A., Inas, A.A., Hisham, A. & Mohamed, A., (2023) Evaluating the effectiveness of waste glass powder for the compressive strength improvement of cement mortar using experimental and machine learning methods, Heliyon, 9(5), 1 – 12, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16288
Ekwulo E. O And Eme D. B. (2018). Comparative Study on Compressive Strength of Coarse and Fine Glass-Aggregate Concrete, American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), 7(2),271-277.
Aniket, P.. Trivedi, A. ,& Shah, R., (2016), Effects on Compressive Strength of Concrete by using Glass Powder as Replacement of Cement. International Journal of Engineering Researc. 5(4), 574 - 576, doi: 10.17577/IJERTV5IS040974.
Sakale R. & Sourabh J. (2016). Experimental Investigation on Strength of Glass Powder Replacement by Cement in Concrete with Different Dosages, International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering, 2(8), 76 - 86.
Ali Sherif H. A. & Esraa E.., (2012). Recycled Glass as a Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in Self Compacting Concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 35, 785-791, October 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.117.
Tuaum A., Stanley S. & Walter O., (2018). Experimental Study of Self-Compacting Mortar Incorporating Recycled Glass Aggregate, Multidisplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 8(2), 15, doi: 10.3390/buildings8020015
Park, S.B., Lee, B.C & Kim, J.H., (2004). Studies on mechanical properties of concrete containing waste glass aggregate, Cement and Concrete Research. 34(12), 2181-2189. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.02.006.
Gautam S.P., Srivastava V. & Agarwal V.C., (2012) “Use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in Concrete”, J. Acad. Indus. Res. Vol. 1(6), 320 - 322.
Demir, I. (2009). Reuse of waste glass in building brick production, Waste Management & Research 27, 572–577, doi: 10.1177/0734242X08096528.
Al-jameel, H. & Al-Saeedi, B. (2018). Sustainable Performance of Iraqi Asphalt Base Course Using Recycled Glass as Aggregate Replacement. Journal of University of Babylon, Engineering Sciences, 26(5), 63-80.
Mouafon M., Njindam O.R., D. Njoya,. J.R. Mache., A. & Messan., D. Njopwouo (2018), Effect of glass powder on the technological properties and microstructure of clay mixture for porcelain stoneware tiles manufacture, Construction and Building Materials, 170, 512-519, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.069.
BS EN 1008 (2002), Mixing water for concrete, Specification for sampling, testing and assessing the suitability of water, including water recovered from processes in the concrete industry, as mixing water for concrete British Standards Institute (BSI).
ASTM C642 (2021), Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials
BS EN ISO 10545-3 (1997), Determination of water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density of ceramics tiles, British Standards Institute (BSI).
BS EN ISO 10545-10 (2021), Ceramic tiles, Determination of moisture expansion, British Standards Institute (BSI).
BS EN ISO 10545-4 (2019), Determination of modulus of rupture and breaking strength, British Standards Institute (BSI).
ASTM C496/C496M (2011), Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, American Society for Testing and Materials.
BS EN ISO 10545-8 (2014), Determination of linear thermal expansion, British Standards Institute (BSI).
ASTM C484 (2020), Standard Test Method for Thermal Shock Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile, American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASTM C1895 (2020), Standard Test Method for Determination of Mohr’s Scratch Hardness, American Society for Testing and Materials.