Extraction and Characterization of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Seed Oil
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Published:
Jul 21, 2023
Keywords:
Citrullus lanatus, extraction, FTIR, oil yield, physicochemical properties, watermelon oil
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Abstract
This study focuses on employing solvent extraction to extract and characterize watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed oil. The physicochemical properties of the oil were investigated to assess its potential applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The extraction process yielded an oil content of 43%. The oil exhibited a pH value of 4.02, refractive index of 1.452 at 25 °C, and specific gravity of 0.934 at 15 °C. The boiling point, cloud point, flash point, and melting point of oil were determined as 326 °C, 7.3 °C, 289 °C, and 2 °C, respectively. The oil's viscosity was measured as 0.04072 Pa.s, and it demonstrated a non-sooty flame nature and solubility in ether. The free fatty acid contents and acid value were determined at 3.339 % and 6.678 mg KOH/g, respectively. The saponification value (S.V) and iodine value (I.V.) were 147.6315 mg/KOH/g and 88.526 mg Iodine/g, respectively. Additionally, peroxide value was 16.40 meq peroxide/g, and the oil exhibited a congealing temperature range of -14 °C to 22 °C. The oil's retention factor during chromatography was determined as 1.6 cm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, amine, aliphatic hydrocarbon, carbonyl, carbon-nitrogen bond, and sulfoxide groups in the oil. These findings suggest that the presence of functional groups, such as hydroxyl, amine, aliphatic hydrocarbon, carbonyl, carbon-nitrogen bond, and sulfoxide groups in watermelon oil, indicate its potential suitability for a wide range of applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Keke, M., Okpo, S. O., & Anakpoha, O. C. (2023). Extraction and Characterization of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Seed Oil. ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 6(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2023.0602.01-j
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References
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[22] Finbarrs-Bello, E., Nto, N. J., Ikele, I. T., Sani, M. I. & Atuadu, V. (2016). Haematopoietic Enhancing Effect of Ethanolic Seed Extract of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) on Bone Marrow of Wistar Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 17(3), 1-7.
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[26] Kim, C-H, Park, M-K., Kim, S-K & Cho, Y-H. (2014). Antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of lycopenein watermelon. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49, 2083-2091.
[27] Chinmay, D.D., Anurekha, J. & Mukul, S.T. (2015). Phytochemical and Pharmacological profile of Citrullus lanatus (THUNB). Biolife, 3(2), 483-488.
[28] Alhassan, M., Alhaji, S. M., Suleiman, M., Suleiman, M, Nasiru, Y., Sahabi, Y.M., Aliyu, B. Bashiru, I., Umar, U.A., & Bello, N. (2018). Proximate analysis of watermelon seed and physicochemical analysis of its oil. The international journal of science & technology, 6(10), 101-103.
[29] Logaraj, T.V. (2011). Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura and Nakai) seed oils and their use in health. In: Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, 136, 1149-1157.
[30] Jensen, B.D., Hamattal, M.A., Toure, F.A. & Nantoume, A.D. (2011). Watermelons in the sand of Sahara: Cultivation and use of indigenous landraces in the Tombouctou region of Mali. Ethnobotany Res. Appl., 9, 151-162.
[31] Gabriel, A. F., Igwemmar, N. C, Sadam, A. A., & Babalola, S. A. (2018). Characterization of Seed Oil from Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon). Direct Res. J. Public Health and Environ. Technol., 3(2), 34-40.
[32] Vinhas, A.S., Sousa, C., Matos, C., Moutinho, C., & Vinha, A.F. (2021). Valorization of watermelon fruit (citrullus lanatus) byproducts: phytochemical and biofunctional properties with emphasis on recent trends and advances. World Journal of Advance Healthcare Research, 5(1), 302-309.
[33] Orbih, A.O., Obahiagbon, K.O. & Amenaghawon, N.A. (2019). Production of biodiesel from watermelon seed (Citrullus Lanatus) oil via alkali catalysed transesterification. Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 593-603.
[2] Tak, J. & Jain, S. (2016). Nutrient potential of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds and its incorporation in product preparation. Food Sci. Res. J., 7, 202-206.
[3] Adedeji, T. O. (2018). Extraction and evaluation of oil from water melon (citrullus lanatus) seed. J Nutr Health Food Eng, 8(4): 293‒295.
[4] Ijah, U. J. J., Ayodele, H. S. & Aransola, S. A., (2015). Microbiological and some sensory attributes of watermelon juice and watermelon orange juice mix. Journal of Food Resources Science, 4, 49-61.
[5] Charles, F.A. (2005). Watermelon breeding. Cucurbit Breeding Horticultural Science.
[6] Tarek, A. & Khaled, M. T. (2001). Characteristics and composition of watermelon, pumpkin, and paprika seed oils and flours”. Journal on Agriculture Food chemistry 49(3), 1253- 1259.
[7] Okpo, S.O. & Evbuomwan, B.O. (2014). Comparative extraction of some non- conventional oil seeds (Pentaclethra macrophylla benth) using different solvents. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR), 2(9), 77-85.
[8] Idouraine, A., Kohlhepp, E. A. & Weber, C. W. (1996). Nutrient Constituents from Eight Lines of Naked Seed Squash (Cucubita Pepo L.). Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry. 44, 721-724.
[9] Wagh, A., Barde, M., Sonde, S., Shelke, V. & Dighe, S.C. (2022). Extraction and Separation of Watermelon Seed Oil by Soxhlet Apparatus. International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM), 6(5), 1-8.
[10] Oragwu, I. P. (2020). Solvent-extracted watermelon seed oil (Citrulus vulgaris) and application in skin- care products. COOU Journal of Physical CJPS Sciences, 3(1), 545-555.
[11] Ouassor, I, Aqil, Y., Belmaghraoui,W., & Hajjaji, El.S. (2020). Characterization of two Moroccan watermelon seeds oil varieties by three different extraction methods. OCL 27(13), 1-8.
[12] AOCS, Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’Society: Methods Cd 3d-63, Cd 8b-90, Cd 1d-92, Cd 3-25, American Oil Chemists’Society Press 15th Ed., Champaign, IL, USA, 1997.
[13] Zahir, E., Saeed, R., Hameed, M. A., & Yousuf, A. (2014). Study of physicochemical properties of edible oil and evaluation of frying oil quality by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S3870–S3876. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.05.025
[14] FSSAI (2021). FSSAI Revised Manual of Methods of Analysis of Oil and Fats. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare) FDA Bhawan, Kotla Road, New Delhi-110002
[15] Rai, A, Mohanty, B. & Bhargava, R. (2017): Optimization of parameters for supercritical extraction of watermelon seed oil, Separation Science and Technology, 1-12.
[16] Baboli, Z. M. & Safe Kordi, A.A. (2010). Characteristics and Composition of Watermelon Seed Oil and Solvent Extraction Parameters Effects. J Am Oil Chem Soc 87, 667–671.
[17] Athar, S., Ghazi, A., Chourasiya, O., & Karadbhajne, V.Y. (2020). Watermelon Seed Oil: Its Extraction, Analytical studies, Modification and Utilization in Cosmetic Industries. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 7(2), 2862-2865.
[18] Apotiola, Z. O. (2017). Extraction of oil from water melon seeds using drying method (sunlight and oven).17th Global Dieticians and Nutritionists Annual Meeting. J Nutr Food Sci, 7(6). (Suppl).
[19] Adejumo, B. A., Olorunsogo, S. T. & Njoku, C.B. (2015). Qualities of watermelon seed oil extracted at different moisture content. international Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT), 3 (3), 97-100.
[20] Raziq, S., Anwar, F., Mahmood, Z., Shahid, A.S. & Nadeem, R. (2012). Characterization of Oils from Different Varieties of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 63(4), 365-372.
[21] Bichi, S. A., Abdulmumin, Y., Abdulmumin,T.M., Muhammad ,I.A., Murtala, M., Dalhatu, M.M., Amina, L. A., Sarki, S.I., Danjaji, H.I., & Mustapha, R.K. (2022). GC-MS and FTIR Analysis of Aqueous Extract of Citrillus lanatus (Water Melon) Rind. Sch Int J Biochem, 5(4), 57-66.
[22] Finbarrs-Bello, E., Nto, N. J., Ikele, I. T., Sani, M. I. & Atuadu, V. (2016). Haematopoietic Enhancing Effect of Ethanolic Seed Extract of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) on Bone Marrow of Wistar Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 17(3), 1-7.
[23] Misau, I.M. & Yusuf, A.A. (2016). Characterization of water melon seed used as water treatment coagulant. Journal of Advanced Studies in Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Sciences (JABE), 3(2), 22-29.
[24] Petchsomrit, A., McDermott, M.I., Chanroj, S. & Choksawangkarn, W. (2020). Watermelon seeds and peels: fatty acid composition and cosmeceutical potential. OCL 2020, 27, 54.
[25] Guede, S.S, Bamba Bio, S.B., Soro, Y.R., Gbogouri, G.A. & Brou, K. (2021). Roasting Effect on Chemical Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity and Oxidative Stability of Citrullus lanatus Kernels Oil. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 9(2), 62-68.
[26] Kim, C-H, Park, M-K., Kim, S-K & Cho, Y-H. (2014). Antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of lycopenein watermelon. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49, 2083-2091.
[27] Chinmay, D.D., Anurekha, J. & Mukul, S.T. (2015). Phytochemical and Pharmacological profile of Citrullus lanatus (THUNB). Biolife, 3(2), 483-488.
[28] Alhassan, M., Alhaji, S. M., Suleiman, M., Suleiman, M, Nasiru, Y., Sahabi, Y.M., Aliyu, B. Bashiru, I., Umar, U.A., & Bello, N. (2018). Proximate analysis of watermelon seed and physicochemical analysis of its oil. The international journal of science & technology, 6(10), 101-103.
[29] Logaraj, T.V. (2011). Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura and Nakai) seed oils and their use in health. In: Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, 136, 1149-1157.
[30] Jensen, B.D., Hamattal, M.A., Toure, F.A. & Nantoume, A.D. (2011). Watermelons in the sand of Sahara: Cultivation and use of indigenous landraces in the Tombouctou region of Mali. Ethnobotany Res. Appl., 9, 151-162.
[31] Gabriel, A. F., Igwemmar, N. C, Sadam, A. A., & Babalola, S. A. (2018). Characterization of Seed Oil from Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon). Direct Res. J. Public Health and Environ. Technol., 3(2), 34-40.
[32] Vinhas, A.S., Sousa, C., Matos, C., Moutinho, C., & Vinha, A.F. (2021). Valorization of watermelon fruit (citrullus lanatus) byproducts: phytochemical and biofunctional properties with emphasis on recent trends and advances. World Journal of Advance Healthcare Research, 5(1), 302-309.
[33] Orbih, A.O., Obahiagbon, K.O. & Amenaghawon, N.A. (2019). Production of biodiesel from watermelon seed (Citrullus Lanatus) oil via alkali catalysed transesterification. Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 593-603.