Understanding the Role of Sports and Physical Activity in Promoting Inclusion and Quality of Life for Individuals with Intellectual Disability
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Published:
Dec 6, 2024
Keywords:
Social inclusion, Quality of life, Intellectual disability, Sports, Physical activity
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Abstract
Every child that is born with expectation of living and fulfilling life’s expectancy. The quality of life approach focuses on what is most important to every individual. However, each child is born with different challenges and peculiarity in the area of intellectual capacity. The condition could be present at birth as a congenital abnormality. An individual may be physically fit with no brain or body abnormalities and yet be mentally disabled. The terms mild, moderate, severe and profound are often used to classify intellectual disability. In view of this, it has been observed that poor motor control, high physical demand, fear of accident and social exclusion could limit the involvement of persons with intellectual disability in activities related to sport or physical activity. Therefore, it is needful to achieve social inclusion and quality of life for persons with intellectual disability through sports and physical activity.
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Jaiyesimi, B. (2024). Understanding the Role of Sports and Physical Activity in Promoting Inclusion and Quality of Life for Individuals with Intellectual Disability. ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 4(2), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.53982/aijnas.2024.0402.02-j
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References
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Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., Claesson, M., & Sonnander, K. (2006). Classical and modern prejudice: attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27(6), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2005.07.003
Almosni, Y., Raiter, S., & Ben Sira, D. (2005). The Impact of Different Teaching Styles on Quality of life of Young People with Mild and Moderate mental retardation. Bitnua: Jurnal of Science Physical Education and Sport, 7(3–4), 139–176.
Beange, H., McElduff, A., & Baker, W. (1995). Medical disorders of adults with mental retardation: A population study. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 99(6), 595–604. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7632427
Bechar, I., & Grosu, E. F. (2016). Physical Activity and Intellectual Disabilities. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, December, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.12.30
Coalter, F. (2010). Sport-for-development: Going beyond the boundary? Sport in Society, 13(9), 1374–1391. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2010.510675
Cuesta-Vargas, A. I., Paz-Lourido, B., & Rodriguez, A. (2011). Physical fitness profile in adults with intellectual disabilities: differences between levels of sport practice. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 788–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.10.023
Dattilo, J. (2017). Inclusive Leisure Services. Sagamore-Venture Publishing. https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=d5F_swEACAAJ
Davis, Zhang, G., & Hodson. (2011). Promoting Health-Related Fitness for Elementary Students With Intellectual Disabilities Through a Specifically Designed Activity Program. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 8, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2011.00293.x
De, S., Small, J., & Baur, L. A. (2008). Overweight and obesity among children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 33(1), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250701875137
Draheim, C., Williams, D., & McCubbin, J. (2002). Prevalence of physical inactivity and recommended physical activity in community-based adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 40(6). https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2002)040<0436:POPIAR>2.0.CO;2
Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (2007). Mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(DEC.), 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.038729
Ferguson, D. (2008). International Trends in Inclusive Education: The Continuing Challenge to Teach Each One and Everyone. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250801946236
Fernhall, B., Pitetti, Kenneth, H., Rimmer, J., McCubbin, J. A., Rintala, P., Millar, A., Kittredge, J., & Burkett, L. (1996). Cardiorespiratory capacity of individuals with mental retardation including Down syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28(3), 366–371. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199603000-00012
Franciosi, E., Baldari, C., Gallotta, M. C., Emerenziani, G. Pietro, & Guidetti, L. (2010). Selected factors correlated to athletic performance in adults with mental retardation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(4), 1059–1064. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ca503c
Frey, G. C., Stanish, H. I., & Temple, V. A. (2008). Physical activity of youth with intellectual disability: Review and research agenda. In Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly (Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp. 95–117). Human Kinetics Publishers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.25.2.95
Galambos, L., Lee, R., Rahn, P., & Williams, B. (1994). The ADA: Getting beyond the door. Parks and Recreation, 29, 67–71.
Golubović, S., Maksimović, J., Golubović, B., & Glumbić, N. (2011). Effects of exercise on physical fitness in children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.11.003
Guidetti, L., Franciosi, E., Gallotta, M. C., Emerenziani, G. Pietro, & Baldari, C. (2010). Could sport specialization influence fitness and health of adults with mental retardation? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(5), 1070–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.002
Health, D. of. (2001). Valuing People - A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century - GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/valuing-people-a-new-strategy-for-learning-disability-for-the-21st-century
Hemayattalab, R., & Movahedi, A. (2010). Effects of different variations of mental and physical practice on sport skill learning in adolescents with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.07.022
Henderson, C. M., Robinson, L. M., Davidson, P. W., Haveman, M., Janicki, M. P., & Albertini, G. (2008). Overweight Status, Obesity, and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Adults With Intellectual Disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 5(3), 174–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2008.00170.x
Jahoda, A., Wilson, A., Stalker, K., & Cairney, A. (2010). Living with Stigma and the Self-Perceptions of People with Mild Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Social Issues, 66(3), 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01660.x
Jinks, A., Cotton, A., & Rylance, R. (2011). Obesity interventions for people with a learning disability: An integrative literature review. In Journal of Advanced Nursing (Vol. 67, Issue 3, pp. 460–471). J Adv Nurs. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05508.x
Kahn, E. B., Ramsey, L. T., Brownson, R. C., Heath, G. W., Howze, E. H., Powell, K. E., Stone, E. J., Rajab, M. W., & Corso, P. (2002). The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: A systematic review. In American Journal of Preventive Medicine (Vol. 22, Issue 4 SUPPL. 1, pp. 73–107). Am J Prev Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00434-8
Kidd, B. (2011, November). Preface. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 14(9), 1069–1071. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2011.614764
Le Clair, J. M. (2011). Global organizational change in sport and the shifting meaning of disability. In Sport in Society (Vol. 14, Issue 9, pp. 1072–1093). Taylor & Francis Group . https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2011.614765
Lejcarova, A. (2009). Coordination Skills in 9 To 11 Years Old Pupils At Practical Elementary Schools in Relationship To Their Degree of Intellectual Disability. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis.Gymnica, 39(4), 53–62. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sph&AN=51496688&site=ehost-live
Liou, T.-H., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., & Laferrere, B. (2005). Physical Disability and Obesity. Nutrition Reviews, 63(10), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00110.x
Lippold, T., & Burns, J. (2009). Social support and intellectual disabilities: A comparison between social networks of adults with intellectual disability and those with physical disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR, 53, 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01170.x
Lloyd, M., Temple, V. A., & Foley, J. T. (2012). International BMI comparison of children and youth with intellectual disabilities participating in Special Olympics. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(6), 1708–1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.04.014
Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004). Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. In Obesity Reviews, Supplement (Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 4–104). Obes Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2004.00133.x
Lotan, M., Isakov, E., Kessel, S., & Merrick, J. (2004). Physical fitness and functional ability of children with intellectual disability: effects of a short-term daily treadmill intervention. TheScientificWorldJournal, 4, 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.97
Maulik, P. K., Mascarenhas, M. N., Mathers, C. D., Dua, T., & Saxena, S. (2011). Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. In Research in Developmental Disabilities (Vol. 32, Issue 2, pp. 419–436). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018
Mcguire, B. E., Daly, P., & Smyth, F. (2007). Lifestyle and health behaviours of adults with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(7), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00915.x
Moran, R., Drane, W., McDermott, S., Dasari, S., Scurry, J. B., & Platt, T. (2005). Obesity among people with and without mental retardation across adulthood. Obesity Research, 13(2), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.46
Nations, U. (2005). Sport as a Tool for Development and Peace: Towards Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Report from the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace.
Ninot, G., & Maïano, C. (2007). Long-term effects of athletics meet on the perceived competence of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.008
Patterson, I., & Pegg, S. (2009). Serious leisure and people with intellectual disabilities: benefits and opportunities. Leisure Studies, 28(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360903071688
Robertson, J., & Emerson, E. (2010). Participation in Sports by People with Intellectual Disabilities in England: A Brief Report. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23, 616–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00540.x
Samadi, S., Mcconkey, R., & Kelly, G. (2012). Enhancing parental well-being and coping through a family-centred short course for Iranian parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Autism : The International Journal of Research and Practice, 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361311435156
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., & Tassé, M. J. (2010). Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports (12th ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=Og8-QQAACAAJ
Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk, H. M. J. (2005). Health in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Current Knowledge and Gaps in Knowledge. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 18(4), 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2005.00265.x
Skowroński, W., Horvat, M., Nocera, J., Roswal, G., & Croce, R. (2009). Eurofit Special: European fitness battery score variation among individuals with intellectual disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.26.1.54
Stewart, L., Van de Ven, L., Katsarou, V., Rentziou, E., Doran, M., Jackson, P., Reilly, J. J., & Wilson, D. (2009). High prevalence of obesity in ambulatory children and adolescents with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(10), 882–886. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01200.x
Temple, V. (2009). Factors associated with high levels of physical activity among adults with intellectual disability. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Für Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale de Recherches de Réadaptation, 32, 89–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0b013e328307f5a0
Todd, T., & Reid, G. (2006). Increasing Physical Activity in Individuals With Autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576060210030501
UNICEF. (2013). The State of the World’s Children 2013: Children with Disabilities. https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_69379.html
Van De Vliet, P., Rintala, P., Fröjd, K., Verellen, J., Van Houtte, S., Daly, D. J., & Vanlandewijck, Y. C. (2006). Physical fitness profile of elite athletes with intellectual disability. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 16(6), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00539.x
Verdonschot, M., de Witte, L., Reichrath, E., Buntinx, W., & Curfs, L. (2009). Community participation of people with an intellectual disability: a review of empirical findings. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(4), 303–318.
Westendorp, M., Houwen, S., Hartman, E., & Visscher, C. (2011). Are gross motor skills and sports participation related in children with intellectual disabilities? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 1147–1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.009
Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., Claesson, M., & Sonnander, K. (2006). Classical and modern prejudice: attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27(6), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2005.07.003
Almosni, Y., Raiter, S., & Ben Sira, D. (2005). The Impact of Different Teaching Styles on Quality of life of Young People with Mild and Moderate mental retardation. Bitnua: Jurnal of Science Physical Education and Sport, 7(3–4), 139–176.
Beange, H., McElduff, A., & Baker, W. (1995). Medical disorders of adults with mental retardation: A population study. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 99(6), 595–604. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7632427
Bechar, I., & Grosu, E. F. (2016). Physical Activity and Intellectual Disabilities. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, December, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.12.30
Coalter, F. (2010). Sport-for-development: Going beyond the boundary? Sport in Society, 13(9), 1374–1391. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2010.510675
Cuesta-Vargas, A. I., Paz-Lourido, B., & Rodriguez, A. (2011). Physical fitness profile in adults with intellectual disabilities: differences between levels of sport practice. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 788–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.10.023
Dattilo, J. (2017). Inclusive Leisure Services. Sagamore-Venture Publishing. https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=d5F_swEACAAJ
Davis, Zhang, G., & Hodson. (2011). Promoting Health-Related Fitness for Elementary Students With Intellectual Disabilities Through a Specifically Designed Activity Program. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 8, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2011.00293.x
De, S., Small, J., & Baur, L. A. (2008). Overweight and obesity among children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 33(1), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250701875137
Draheim, C., Williams, D., & McCubbin, J. (2002). Prevalence of physical inactivity and recommended physical activity in community-based adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 40(6). https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2002)040<0436:POPIAR>2.0.CO;2
Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (2007). Mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(DEC.), 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.038729
Ferguson, D. (2008). International Trends in Inclusive Education: The Continuing Challenge to Teach Each One and Everyone. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250801946236
Fernhall, B., Pitetti, Kenneth, H., Rimmer, J., McCubbin, J. A., Rintala, P., Millar, A., Kittredge, J., & Burkett, L. (1996). Cardiorespiratory capacity of individuals with mental retardation including Down syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28(3), 366–371. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199603000-00012
Franciosi, E., Baldari, C., Gallotta, M. C., Emerenziani, G. Pietro, & Guidetti, L. (2010). Selected factors correlated to athletic performance in adults with mental retardation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(4), 1059–1064. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ca503c
Frey, G. C., Stanish, H. I., & Temple, V. A. (2008). Physical activity of youth with intellectual disability: Review and research agenda. In Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly (Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp. 95–117). Human Kinetics Publishers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.25.2.95
Galambos, L., Lee, R., Rahn, P., & Williams, B. (1994). The ADA: Getting beyond the door. Parks and Recreation, 29, 67–71.
Golubović, S., Maksimović, J., Golubović, B., & Glumbić, N. (2011). Effects of exercise on physical fitness in children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.11.003
Guidetti, L., Franciosi, E., Gallotta, M. C., Emerenziani, G. Pietro, & Baldari, C. (2010). Could sport specialization influence fitness and health of adults with mental retardation? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(5), 1070–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.002
Health, D. of. (2001). Valuing People - A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century - GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/valuing-people-a-new-strategy-for-learning-disability-for-the-21st-century
Hemayattalab, R., & Movahedi, A. (2010). Effects of different variations of mental and physical practice on sport skill learning in adolescents with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.07.022
Henderson, C. M., Robinson, L. M., Davidson, P. W., Haveman, M., Janicki, M. P., & Albertini, G. (2008). Overweight Status, Obesity, and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Adults With Intellectual Disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 5(3), 174–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2008.00170.x
Jahoda, A., Wilson, A., Stalker, K., & Cairney, A. (2010). Living with Stigma and the Self-Perceptions of People with Mild Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Social Issues, 66(3), 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01660.x
Jinks, A., Cotton, A., & Rylance, R. (2011). Obesity interventions for people with a learning disability: An integrative literature review. In Journal of Advanced Nursing (Vol. 67, Issue 3, pp. 460–471). J Adv Nurs. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05508.x
Kahn, E. B., Ramsey, L. T., Brownson, R. C., Heath, G. W., Howze, E. H., Powell, K. E., Stone, E. J., Rajab, M. W., & Corso, P. (2002). The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: A systematic review. In American Journal of Preventive Medicine (Vol. 22, Issue 4 SUPPL. 1, pp. 73–107). Am J Prev Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00434-8
Kidd, B. (2011, November). Preface. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 14(9), 1069–1071. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2011.614764
Le Clair, J. M. (2011). Global organizational change in sport and the shifting meaning of disability. In Sport in Society (Vol. 14, Issue 9, pp. 1072–1093). Taylor & Francis Group . https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2011.614765
Lejcarova, A. (2009). Coordination Skills in 9 To 11 Years Old Pupils At Practical Elementary Schools in Relationship To Their Degree of Intellectual Disability. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis.Gymnica, 39(4), 53–62. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sph&AN=51496688&site=ehost-live
Liou, T.-H., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., & Laferrere, B. (2005). Physical Disability and Obesity. Nutrition Reviews, 63(10), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00110.x
Lippold, T., & Burns, J. (2009). Social support and intellectual disabilities: A comparison between social networks of adults with intellectual disability and those with physical disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR, 53, 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01170.x
Lloyd, M., Temple, V. A., & Foley, J. T. (2012). International BMI comparison of children and youth with intellectual disabilities participating in Special Olympics. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(6), 1708–1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.04.014
Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004). Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. In Obesity Reviews, Supplement (Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 4–104). Obes Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2004.00133.x
Lotan, M., Isakov, E., Kessel, S., & Merrick, J. (2004). Physical fitness and functional ability of children with intellectual disability: effects of a short-term daily treadmill intervention. TheScientificWorldJournal, 4, 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.97
Maulik, P. K., Mascarenhas, M. N., Mathers, C. D., Dua, T., & Saxena, S. (2011). Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. In Research in Developmental Disabilities (Vol. 32, Issue 2, pp. 419–436). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018
Mcguire, B. E., Daly, P., & Smyth, F. (2007). Lifestyle and health behaviours of adults with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(7), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00915.x
Moran, R., Drane, W., McDermott, S., Dasari, S., Scurry, J. B., & Platt, T. (2005). Obesity among people with and without mental retardation across adulthood. Obesity Research, 13(2), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.46
Nations, U. (2005). Sport as a Tool for Development and Peace: Towards Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Report from the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace.
Ninot, G., & Maïano, C. (2007). Long-term effects of athletics meet on the perceived competence of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.008
Patterson, I., & Pegg, S. (2009). Serious leisure and people with intellectual disabilities: benefits and opportunities. Leisure Studies, 28(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360903071688
Robertson, J., & Emerson, E. (2010). Participation in Sports by People with Intellectual Disabilities in England: A Brief Report. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23, 616–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00540.x
Samadi, S., Mcconkey, R., & Kelly, G. (2012). Enhancing parental well-being and coping through a family-centred short course for Iranian parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Autism : The International Journal of Research and Practice, 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361311435156
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., & Tassé, M. J. (2010). Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports (12th ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=Og8-QQAACAAJ
Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk, H. M. J. (2005). Health in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Current Knowledge and Gaps in Knowledge. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 18(4), 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2005.00265.x
Skowroński, W., Horvat, M., Nocera, J., Roswal, G., & Croce, R. (2009). Eurofit Special: European fitness battery score variation among individuals with intellectual disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.26.1.54
Stewart, L., Van de Ven, L., Katsarou, V., Rentziou, E., Doran, M., Jackson, P., Reilly, J. J., & Wilson, D. (2009). High prevalence of obesity in ambulatory children and adolescents with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(10), 882–886. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01200.x
Temple, V. (2009). Factors associated with high levels of physical activity among adults with intellectual disability. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Für Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale de Recherches de Réadaptation, 32, 89–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0b013e328307f5a0
Todd, T., & Reid, G. (2006). Increasing Physical Activity in Individuals With Autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576060210030501
UNICEF. (2013). The State of the World’s Children 2013: Children with Disabilities. https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_69379.html
Van De Vliet, P., Rintala, P., Fröjd, K., Verellen, J., Van Houtte, S., Daly, D. J., & Vanlandewijck, Y. C. (2006). Physical fitness profile of elite athletes with intellectual disability. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 16(6), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00539.x
Verdonschot, M., de Witte, L., Reichrath, E., Buntinx, W., & Curfs, L. (2009). Community participation of people with an intellectual disability: a review of empirical findings. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(4), 303–318.
Westendorp, M., Houwen, S., Hartman, E., & Visscher, C. (2011). Are gross motor skills and sports participation related in children with intellectual disabilities? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 1147–1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.009