Occurrence of Significant Bacteriuria Among Schistosomiasis Positive Individuals in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. The most impacted countries are those in Sub-Saharan Africa, which accounts for nearly 90% of the world’s estimated 236.6 million cases. The study was aimed at investigating the occurrence of significant bacteriuria among schistosomiasis positive individuals in Ekiti State, Nigeria.Two hundred and forty-fourindividuals living in riparian areas of Ekiti statewere enlisted for the study. Urine samples were collected from the participants and examined microscopically for presence of Schistosoma eggs, followed by urinalysis and bacteriological investigations. Schistosoma eggs were detected in 35 (14.34%) of the 244 urine samples, while significant bacteriuria was recorded in 16 (6.56%) of the samples. Out of the 16 significant-bacteriuria positive samples only 3 (18.75%) were observed to have Schistosoma eggs; while significant-bacteriuria was recorded in 3 (8.57%) of the 35 schistosomiasis positive individuals. The bacteriuria was found to be significantly associated with proteinuria (χ2=25.055; p<0.001) and leukocyturia (χ2=16.011; p<0.001). The bacteria isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus cereus, Kurthia gibsoni, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, among others. The Gram-negative bacterial isolates were highly susceptible to Gentamycin (100%), Tetracycline (85.7%) and Chloramphenicol (78.6%); while the Gram-positive bacterial isolates gave high susceptibility to Gentamycin (84.8%) and Ciprofloxacin (76.1%). Most of the bacteria isolated in this study have been reported to be associated urinary tract infection, except Kurthia gibsoni which has been found to spread from animal to a human by zoophilic sexual intercourse. A case of Schistosomiasis with positive proteinuria and leukocyturia should be taken as UTI and treated accordingly.
Article Details
Authors hold the copyright of all published articles except otherwise stated.
References
Abraham, S.N. and Miao, Y. (2015). The nature of immune responses to urinary tract infections. Nature Reviews Immunology,15(10):655-663. doi: 10.1038/nri3887.
Angoti, G., Goudarzi, H., Hajizadeh, M. andTabatabaii, Z. (2016) Bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection among patients and determination of the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Gram-negative bacteria in Iran. Novelty in Biomedicine,4(1):1- 4.
Anyanti, J., Akuiyibo, S., Nwokolo, E., Atagene K, et al., (2021). Addressing Schistosomiasis in a community in Nigeria: A theoretical approach. International Journal of Tropical Diseases 4:044, doi.org/10.23937/2643-461X/1710044
Barrow, G.I. and Feltham, R.K.A. (1993). Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Cambridge University Press, London. 331 pp
Cheesbrough, M. (1998) District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institutes, CLSI (2018). Performance Standard of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 28th Information Supplement, CLSI, Wanye, USA.
Couto, L.D., Tibirica, S.H., Pinheiro, I.O., Mitterofhe, A., Lima, A.C., Castro, M.F., et al. (2014). Neglected tropical diseases: prevalence and risk factors for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in a region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 108(6):363–371. https://doi.org/10.1093/ trstmh/tru054
Ejrnaes, K., Stegger, M., Reisner, A., Ferry, S., Monsen, T., Holm, S.E., Lundgren, B. andFrimodt-Moller, N. (2011). Characteristics of Escherichia coli causing persistence or relapse of urinary tract infections: phylogenetic groups, virulence factors and biofilm formation. Virulence. 2:528–537
Fosso, J.A.M., Njouendou, A.J., Ekom, S.E. and Kengne, I.C. (2017). Antibacterial activity of three Cameroonian medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of urinary tract infections and their synergistic effects with amoxicillin and serum. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(2):1–14.
Gupta, K. andTrauter, B.W. (2016). Urinary Tract Infections, pyelonephritis and prostatitis and Interstitial Cystitis. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. Mc Graw Hill Companies pp.861-868.
Hsiao A, Toy T, Seo HJ, Marks F. (2016) Interaction between Salmonella and Schistosomiasis: A review. PLoS Pathogens 12(12):e1005928. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005928.
Igwe, N. N. and Agbo, E. A. (2014). “Incidence of co-infection of enteric Salmonella with Schistosoma in Kachia Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria”. International Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 3(1):12-17
Kövesdi,V., Stercz, B. and Ongrádi J. (2016). Kurthiagibsonii as a sexually transmitted zoonosis: From a neglected condition during World War II to a recent warning for sexually transmitted disease units. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS. 37(1):68-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7184.180296.
Mann, R., Mediati, D.G., Duggin, I.G., Harry, E.J. andBottomleyded, A.L. (2017). Metabolic adaptations of uropathogenic E. coli in the urinary tract. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 7:241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00241
Motse, D.F.K., Ngaba, G.P., Kojom, L.P., Koum, D.C.K., Okalla, C.E., Penda, C.I, Mah, E., Andreas, C. andAdiogo, D.D. (2019) Predictors of urinary tract infection and their diagnostic performances among Cameroonian underfive. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 9(02):68–77. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.574542
Okiki, P.A., Balogun B.D., Osibote, I.A., Asoso, S. and Adelegan, O. (2015). Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf on ESBL producing bacterial isolates from urine of patients with urinary tract infections. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(20): 124- 132.
Okiki, P. A., Adegbola, O., Ade-Ojo, P., Onasanya, A. A., Oyelakin, O., Olaoye, O., Asoso, S. O., Idris, O. O. andSobajo, O. A. (2021). Comparative Study of Genetic and Antibacterial Profiles of Nigerian Indigenous and Exotic Varieties of Garlic (Allium sativum). ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 1(1), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.53982/aijnas.2021.0101.05-j
Ossai, O. P., Dankoli, R., Nwodo, C., Tukur, D., Nsubuga, P., Ogbuabor, D., Ekwueme, O., Abonyi, G., Ezeanolue, E. and Eze, G. (2014). Bacteriuria and Urinary Schistosomiasis in Primary School Children in Rural Communities in Enugu State, Nigeria, 2012. Pan African Medical Journal. 18(1), 15.doi: 10.11694/pamj.supp.2014.18.1.4169
Saka, S.A. andOkunuga, B.E. (2017). Profiling urinary tract infections bacteria among elderly population in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, 6(3):15–22
Srinivasan R, Karaoz U, Volegova M, MacKichan J, Kato-Maeda M, Miller S, et al. (2015) Use of 16SrRNA gene for identification of a broad range of clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0117617. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117617
World Health Organization, WHO (2022). Schistosomiasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
Wilson, M. andGaido, L. (2004). Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adult patients, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(8):1150–1158, https://doi.org/10.1086/383029