A Comparative Study of the Effect of Field Practices on the Fuel Properties of Groundnut Kernels Biodiesel
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Published:
Dec 30, 2022
Keywords:
Biodiesel, Fertilizer, fuel properties, pre-harvest treatment, organic manure
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Abstract
The impact of pre-harvest treatments (field practices) on the fuel (biodiesel) properties produced from groundnut kernels was evaluated in this work. Ahigh-quality oil-yielding groundnut hybrid (SAMNUT 11) was grown under five different soil treatment regimes. The regimes were organic and conventional, though the treatment concentrations were systematically varied. Biodiesels produced from matured kernels (for the different treatment plans) were tested following the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) International and European Biodiesel (EN) procedures. Results obtained revealed that the biodiesel density ranged between 856 kg/m3 and 869 kg/m3, the acid value ranged between 0.695% and 1.118%, the iodine value ranged from 27.54 mg/L to 34.63 mg/L, the phosphorus concentration varied from 8.21 mg/L to 10.25 mg/L, the ester content ranged between 91.87% and 98.34%, and the alkali metals varied from 2.143 mg/L to 3.428 mg/L. All biodiesel produced fromthe pre-harvest treated kernels met the EN-ISO 12185 and EN 14213 standards for densities and ester contents, respectively. It was observed that the T2 and T3 acid values were 0.871% and 0.695%, respectively, while the T4 and T5 acid values were 1.033% and 1.118%, respectively, and all failed to meet both ASTM and EN standards, though the organically produced kernel’s biodiesels had better prospects. Furthermore, it was observed that the iodine values of the biodiesels, obtained from the five treatment plans, were within the EN 14214 approved standards for biodiesel. The findings portrayed that the organic manure
had a more positive impact on the groundnut kernels, compared to groundnut grown with fertilizers. As observed from the results, the biodiesel produced from the organic kernels hada better fuel quality than that acquired from the convectional kernels.
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Edema, S. O., Ekperi, R. E., Akpokodje, O. I., & Agbabi, P. E. O. (2022). A Comparative Study of the Effect of Field Practices on the Fuel Properties of Groundnut Kernels Biodiesel . ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2(3), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.53982/aijnas.2022.0203.01-j
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References
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Eboibi, O., Akpokodje, O.I. & Uguru, H. (2018). Growth performance of five bean (Phaseolus spp) varieties as influenced by organic amendment. Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management. 22, 759 - 763.
Eboibi, O., Akpokodje, O.I., Nyorere, O., Oghenerukevwe, P. & Uguru, H. (2021). Effect of pre-harvest applications of organic manure and calcium chloride on the storability of tomato fruits. Annals of Agricultural Sciences. 66, 142–151
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Production and Applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/53655
Ndukwe, O.C.N. & Adeyemo, O.E. (2021). Experiment and prediction of the effects of acetoacetic ester, CuO and CuSO4 nanometals on the emission and performance characteristics of a CI engine run with watermelon seed oil methyl esterdiesel blends. Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology. 6(11), 378-386. DOI: 10.36348/sjet.2021.v06i11.001
Oni, B.A. & Oluwatosin, D. (2020). Emission characteristics and performance of neem seed (Azadirachta indica) and Camelina (Camelina sativa) based biodiesel in diesel engine. Renew. Energy, 149, 725–734. 10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.012.
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Sathiyamoorthi, R., Puviyarasan, M., Bhuvanesh, B. & Joshua, D.B. (2016). Effect of CeO2 nano additive on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled by neem oil-biodiesel. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 14, 473–484.
Thoai, D.N., Photaworn, S., Kumar, A., Prasertsit, K. & Tongurai, C. (2017). A novel chemical method for determining ester content in biodiesel. Energy Procedia 138, 536–543
Tüccar, G., Tosun, E. & Uludamar, E.(2018). Investigations of effects of density and viscosity of diesel and biodiesel fuels on NOx and other emission formations. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Science. 6-2, 81-85,
Uyeri, C. & Uguru, H. (2018). Compressive resistance of groundnut kernels as influenced by kernel size. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 3(4), 1-7.
Uguru, H. & Nyorere, O. (2019). Failure behaviour of groundnut (SAMNUT 11) kernel as affected by kernel size, loading rate and loading position. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume, 10(2), 1209-1218
Uguru, H. & Obah, G. E. (2020). Tensile characterization of pre-harvest treated pineapple leaf fibre. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 18(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2020/v18i417218
Uguru, H., Akpokodje, O.I. & Ijabo, O.J. (2020). Fracture resistance of groundnut (cv. SAMNUT11) kernel under quasi-static compression loading. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 1-8
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Uguru, H., Akpokodje, O.I. & Altuntas, E. (2021b). A study on rupture resistance of groundnut (cv. SAMNUT 22) kernel. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER), 2(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.46592.turkager.2021.v02i01.002.
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462–474. doi:10.1166/sam.2022.4223
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Vescovi, V., Rojas, M.J., Baraldo, A., Jr., Botta, D.C., Montes Santana, F.A., Costa, J.P., Machado, M.S., Honda, V.K., de Lima Camargo Giordano, R. & Tardioli, P.W. (2016). Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel by hydrolysis of waste cooking oil followed by esterification of free fatty acids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 93, 1615–1624.
ASTM D6751 (2020). Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels. Available online at: https://www.astm.org/d6751-20a.html
ASTM D5002 (2022). Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Crude Oils by Digital Density Analyzer. Available online at: https://www.astm.org/d5002-19.html
Babu, K. R., & Raja, R. B. (2015). Theoretical and experimental validation of performance and emission characteristics of nanoadditive blended diesel engine. International Journal of Research in Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering, 3(5), 18-31.
Eboibi, O., Akpokodje, O.I. & Uguru, H. (2018). Growth performance of five bean (Phaseolus spp) varieties as influenced by organic amendment. Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management. 22, 759 - 763.
Eboibi, O., Akpokodje, O.I., Nyorere, O., Oghenerukevwe, P. & Uguru, H. (2021). Effect of pre-harvest applications of organic manure and calcium chloride on the storability of tomato fruits. Annals of Agricultural Sciences. 66, 142–151
Eboibi, O., Edafiadhe, E.O. & Uguru, H. (2022). Comparative analysis of the fuel properties of biodiesel produced from different groundnut varieties. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research. 8(9), 10-23.
European Standards - EN 14111 (2022). Iodine determination. Available online at: https://www.en-standard.eu/din-en-14111-fat-andoil-derivatives-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-famedetermination-of-iodine-value/
Fayaz, H., Mujtaba, M., Soudagar, M.E.M., Razzaq, L., Nawaz, S., Nawaz, M.A. & Khan, T. Y. (2021). Collective effect of ternary nano fuel blends on the diesel engine performance and emissions characteristics. Fuel 293, 120420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120420.
Ghanbari, M., Mozafari-Vanani, L., Dehghani-Soufi, M. & Jahanbakhshi, A. (2021). Effect of alumina nanoparticles as additive with diesel–biodiesel blends on performance and emission characteristic of a six-cylinder diesel engine using response surface methodology (RSM). Energy Conversion and Manag. X 11, 100091. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ec.mx.2021.100091.
Gundoshmian, T.M., Heidari-Maleni, A. & Jahanbakhshi, A. (2021). Evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine using functional multi- walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) additives in
biodiesel-diesel blends. Fuel 287, 119525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119525.
Handojo, I., Shofinita, D., Yuventia, K. & Lindawaty, L. (2020). Effects of Operating conditions on the production of sodium stearoyl 2- lactylate. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1143 012069 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1143/1/012069
Huang, H., Khanna, M., Onal, H. & Chen. X. (2013). Stacking low carbon policies on the renewable fuels standard: Economic and greenhouse gas implications. Energy Policy 56, 5-15.
Jahanbakhshi, A., Karami-Boozhani, S., Yousefi, M. & Ooi, J.B. (2021). Performance of bioethanol and diesel fuel by thermodynamic simulation of the miller cycle in the diesel engine. Results in Eng. 12, 100279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Jain, S. & Sharma, M.P. (2014). Effect of metal contents on oxidation stability of biodiesel/diesel blends, Fuel, 116,14-18
Karthikeyan, S., Elango, A., & Prathima, A. (2014). Performance and emission study on zinc oxide nano particles addition with pomolion stearin wax biodiesel of CI engine.
Konur, O. (2021). Biodiesel and petrodiesel fuels: science, technology, health, and the environment. Biodiesel Fuels. CRC Press, pp. 3–36.
Melillo, J., Reilly, J., Kickligher, D., Gurgel, A., Cronin, T., Paltsev, S., Felzer, B., Wang, X., Sokolov, A. & Schlosser, C.A. (2009). Indirect Emissions from Biofuels: How Important? Science 326 (5958), 1397-1399.
Mosnier, A. Havlik, P., Valin, H., Baker, J., Murray, B., Feng, S., Obersteiner, M., McCarl, B., Rose, S., & Schneider, U. (2013). The net global effects of alternative U.S. biofuel mandates: fossil fuel displacement, indirect land use change, and the role of agricultural productivity growth. Energy Policy 57, 602-614.
Munoz, R.A.A., Fernandes, D. M. , Santos, D. Q., Barbosa, T. G. G. , & Sousa, R. M. F. (2012). Biodiesel: Production, Characterization, Metallic Corrosion and Analytical Methods for Contaminants. In (Ed.), Biodiesel - Feedstocks,
Production and Applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/53655
Ndukwe, O.C.N. & Adeyemo, O.E. (2021). Experiment and prediction of the effects of acetoacetic ester, CuO and CuSO4 nanometals on the emission and performance characteristics of a CI engine run with watermelon seed oil methyl esterdiesel blends. Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology. 6(11), 378-386. DOI: 10.36348/sjet.2021.v06i11.001
Oni, B.A. & Oluwatosin, D. (2020). Emission characteristics and performance of neem seed (Azadirachta indica) and Camelina (Camelina sativa) based biodiesel in diesel engine. Renew. Energy, 149, 725–734. 10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.012.
Panneerselvam, N., Murugesan, A., Vijayakumar, C., & Subramaniam, D. (2017). Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of CI engine fuel with watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) methyl esters. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 38(3), 308-313.
Phankosol, S., Sudaprasert, K., Lilitchan, S., Aryusuk, K. & Krisnangkura, L. (2014). Estimation of density of biodiesel. Energy Fuels, 28, 7, 4633–4641 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef501031z
Redfern, J. Kinninmonth, M., Burdass, D. & Verran, J. (2014). Using soxhlet ethanol extraction to produce and test plant material (essential oils) for their antimicrobial properties. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, 45-46. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v15i1.656
Sathiyamoorthi, R., Puviyarasan, M., Bhuvanesh, B. & Joshua, D.B. (2016). Effect of CeO2 nano additive on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled by neem oil-biodiesel. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 14, 473–484.
Thoai, D.N., Photaworn, S., Kumar, A., Prasertsit, K. & Tongurai, C. (2017). A novel chemical method for determining ester content in biodiesel. Energy Procedia 138, 536–543
Tüccar, G., Tosun, E. & Uludamar, E.(2018). Investigations of effects of density and viscosity of diesel and biodiesel fuels on NOx and other emission formations. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Science. 6-2, 81-85,
Uyeri, C. & Uguru, H. (2018). Compressive resistance of groundnut kernels as influenced by kernel size. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 3(4), 1-7.
Uguru, H. & Nyorere, O. (2019). Failure behaviour of groundnut (SAMNUT 11) kernel as affected by kernel size, loading rate and loading position. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume, 10(2), 1209-1218
Uguru, H. & Obah, G. E. (2020). Tensile characterization of pre-harvest treated pineapple leaf fibre. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 18(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2020/v18i417218
Uguru, H., Akpokodje, O.I. & Ijabo, O.J. (2020). Fracture resistance of groundnut (cv. SAMNUT11) kernel under quasi-static compression loading. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 1-8
Uguru, H., Akpokodje, O.I. & Agbi, G.G. (2021a). Assessment of spatial variability of heavy metals (Pb and Al) in alluvial soil around Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Southern Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER), 2(2), 450-459. https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.2021.v02i02.017
Uguru, H., Akpokodje, O.I. & Altuntas, E. (2021b). A study on rupture resistance of groundnut (cv. SAMNUT 22) kernel. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER), 2(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.46592.turkager.2021.v02i01.002.
Uguru, H., Akpokodje, O. I., Rokayya, S., Amani, H.A., Almasoudi, A. & Abeer, G.A. (2022). Comprehensive assessment of the effect of various anthropogenic activities on the groundwater quality. Sci. Adv. Mater., 14(3),
462–474. doi:10.1166/sam.2022.4223
US Environmental Protection Agency – USEPA (2010). Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2) Regulatory Impact Analysis. (Accessed June, 2022)
Vescovi, V., Rojas, M.J., Baraldo, A., Jr., Botta, D.C., Montes Santana, F.A., Costa, J.P., Machado, M.S., Honda, V.K., de Lima Camargo Giordano, R. & Tardioli, P.W. (2016). Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel by hydrolysis of waste cooking oil followed by esterification of free fatty acids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 93, 1615–1624.