Prevalence, intensity and influence of size and seasons on parasites of Oreochromis niloticus in Ekiti State Dams, southwest, Nigeria.
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Published:
Sep 5, 2022
Keywords:
Oreochromis niloticus, dams, intensity, parasites, prevalence
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Abstract
Fish are subject to various contaminants and environmental contradictions in the aquatic environment that convey stress on them, making them vulnerable to parasites. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections in Oreochromis niloticus that are of dietary and financial values in Ekiti State. 540 specimens of O. niloticus with different lengths and weights were indiscriminately procured from fishermen at Egbe, Ero and Ureje dams, Ekiti state between November, 2018 and October, 2019. Standard techniques for parasitology were employed in the study. Fish samples were examined, dissected and parasites were removed, identified and counted. Total parasites of 308 (16 genera), 275 (10 genera) and 468 (13 genera) were collected from Egbe, Ero and Ureje dams respectively. The total parasite prevalence was 53.3, 58.3 and 55.5% for Egbe, Ero and Ureje dams respectively. In this investigation, parasite prevalence associated significantly at P < 0.05 with body length and weight in Egbe, Ero and Ureje dams. This indicates the procurement of parasite by age. The mean intensity and abundance of parasites in the three dams were higher significantly at P < 0.05 in rainy season in comparison to dry season. Irrespective of seasons, the parasite abundance and the mean intensity were higher significantly at P < 0.05 in Ureje dam in comparison to Egbe and Ero dams. High degree of pollution normally sustain parasite load as indicated in this study and could diminish fish performance and production. Hence, pollution control and regular examination of the water bodies should be advocated.
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Olagbemide, P. T., & Owolabi, O. D. (2022). Prevalence, intensity and influence of size and seasons on parasites of Oreochromis niloticus in Ekiti State Dams, southwest, Nigeria. ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.53982/aijnas.2022.0202.010-j
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References
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Authman, M. M. N., Bayoumy, E. M. and Kenawy, A. M. (2008). Heavy metal concentrations and liver histopathology of Oreochromis niloticus in relation to aquatic pollution. Global Veterinaria, 2: 110-116.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313551801_Heavy_metal_concentrations_and_liver_histopathology_of_Oreochromis_niloticus_in_relation_to_aquatic_pollution
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Bash, J., Berman, C. and Bolton, S. (2001). Effects of Turbidity and Suspended Solids on Salmonids. Report for Washington State Transportation Commission, Seattle, Washington.
Bichi, A. H. and Ibrahim, A. A. (2009): A survey of ecto and intestinal parasites of Tilapia Zilli (Gervias) in Tiga Lake, Kano, and Northern Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2: 79-82. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/bajopas/article/view/58472
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Biu, A. A., Diyaware, M. Y., Yakaka, W. and Joseph, E. (2015): Survey of Parasites Infesting the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) from Lake Alau, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2 (2): 6 – 12.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Survey-of-Parasites-Infesting-the-Nile-Tilapia-from-Diyaware-Yakaka/63d167a2896175136008e011951faa45c6364d0b
Boyd, C. E. (2003). Guidelines for aquaculture effluent management at the farm level. Aquaculture, 226(1-4): 101– 112.
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.458.4505&rep=rep1&type=pdf
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Chandler, A. C. and Read, C. P. (1981): Introduction to parasitology. John Wiley and Son Inc., New York and London. 307pp.
Esch, G. W. and Fernändez, J. C. (1993): A functional biology of parasitism: Ecological and evolutionary implications, 1st edn. Chapman &Hall, London, p 337.
F.A.O. 1996. Aquaculture potential in African documentation issued on the occasion of the world food summit in Rome November 1996. Rome FAO. 20;
Marcogliese, D. J. (2002): Food webs and the transmission of parasites to marine fish. Parasitology, 124: S83–S99. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1017/s003118200200149x
Margolis, L., Esch, G. W., Holmes, J. C., Kuris, A. M. and Schad, G. A. (1982): The use of ecological terms in parasitology (report of an adhoc committee of the American Society of Parasitologists). The Journal of Parasitology, 68: 131–133.
https://www.academia.edu/2203172/The_use_of_ecological_terms_in_parasitology_report_of_an_ad_hoc_committee_of_the_American_Society_of_Parasitologists_
Mitiku, M. A., Konecyn, R. and Haile, A. L. (2018): Parasites of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from selected fish farms and Lake Koftuin central Ethio¬pia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 22(2): 65-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v22i2.6
Olagbemide, P. T. and Owolabi, O. (2019). Determination of Water Quality Index and suitability of three major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 6: e5719. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335742224_Determination_of_Water_Quality_Index_and_Suitability_of_Three_Major_Dams_in_Ekiti_State_Nigeria
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Oros, M. and Hanzelova, V. (2009). Re-establishment of the fish parasite fauna in the Tisa River system (Slovakia) after a catastrophic pollution event. Parasitology Research, 104: 1497-1506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1356-6
Paperna, I. (1996): Parasites infection and disease of fishes in Africa. CIFA Technical Paper No. 31. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
https://www.fao.org/docrep/008/v9551e/V9551E00.HTM
Saha, M., Bandyopadhyay, P. K., Roy, A. and Ghosh, S. (2015): Impact of seasons, host age, size and sex on the prevalence of protozoan parasites in ornamental fish. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 8(10): 54-59.
https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-javs/papers/vol8-issue10/Version-1/I081015459.pdf
Sinaré, Y., Boungou, M., Ouéda, A. Gnémé, A. and Kabré, G. B. (2013): Diversity and seasonal distribution of parasites of Oreochromis niloticus in semi-arid reservoirs (West Africa, Burkina Faso). Africa Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(13): 1164-1170.
https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR/article-full-text-pdf/18EDB2A57845
Sures, B., Nachev, M., Selbach, C. and Marcogliese, D. J. (2017): Parasite responses to pollution: what we know and where we go in “Environmental Parasitology. Parasites and Vectors, 10(1): 1-19. https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-017-2001-3
Adewole, S. O., Odeyemi, D. F., Fatunwase, O. P., Christopher, V. N., Omoyeni, T. E. and Dada, A. O. (2018): Parasites as Bioindicator for Health Status and Environmental quality of Freshwater Fish species in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging 6(2): 1-7. https://journals.scholarpublishing.org/index.php/JBEMi/article/view/5847/4267
Ahmed, N. F., Sadek, K. M., Soliman, M. K., Khalil, R. H., Khafaga, A. F., Ajarem, J. S., et al. (2020). Moringa oleifera leaf extract repairs the oxidative misbalance following sub-chronic exposure to sodium fluoride in nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus. Animals 10:626. doi: 10.3390/ani10040626. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222772/
Akinsanya, B., Otubanjo, O. A. and Hassan, A. A. (2007): Helminth parasites of Malapterurus electricus Malapteruridae from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of American Science, 3(3): 1-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308050103_Helminth_parasites_of_Malapterurus_electricus_Malapteruridae_from_Lekki_Lagoon_Lagos_Nigeria
Akoll, P., Konecny R., Mwanja, W. W. and Schiemer, F. (2012): Infection patterns of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) by two helminth species with contrasting life styles. Parasitology Research, 110: 1461–1472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2649-0
Aladaileh, S. H., Khafaga, A. F., El-Hack, M. E. A., Al-Gabri, N. A., Abukhalil, M. H., Alfwuaires, M. A., Bin-Jumah, M., Alkahtani, S., Abdel-Daim, M. M., Aleya, L. and Abdednour, S. (2020). Spirulina platensis ameliorates the sub chronic toxicities of lead in rabbits via anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immune stimulatory properties. Sci. Total Environ. 701:134879. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134879
Allumma, M. I. and Idowu, R. T. (2011): Prevalence of gills helminth of Clarias gariepinus in Baga side of Lake Chad. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 15: 47-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v15i1.65674
Amare, A., Alemayehu, A. and Aylate, A. (2014): Prevalence of Internal Parasitic Helminthes Infected Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia), Clarias gariepinus (AfricanCatfish) and Cyprinus carpio (Common Carp) in Lake Lugo (Hayke), Northeast Ethiopia. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 5: 1-5. https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/abstract/prevalence-of-internal-parasitic-helminthes-infected-oreochromis-niloticus-nile-tilapia-clarias-gariepinus-african-catfi-28252.html
Amaechi, C. E. (2015): Prevalence, intensity and abundance of endoparasites in Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia zilli (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Asa Dam, Ilorin, Nigeria. Research Journal of the Costa Rican Distance Education University, 7(1): 67-70.
https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1659-42662015000100067
Areda, T. A., Mitiku, M. A., Woldearegay, Y. H., Teklu, A. and Getachew, S. (2019): Prevalence of major parasites of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in south west Showa zone selected fish farms, Oromia region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(3): 165-170. https://www.fisheriesjournal.com/archives/2019/vol7issue3/PartC/7-2-33-529.pdf
Ashade, O. O., Osineye, O. M. and Kumoye, E. A. (2013): Isolation, identification and prevalence of parasites of Oreochromis niloticus from three selected River systems. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 8 (1): 115-121. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jfas.2013.115.121
Atalabi, T. E., Awharitoma, A. O. and Akinluyi, F. O. (2018). Prevalence, intensity, and exposed variables of infection with Acanthocephala parasites of the gastrointestinal tract of Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) [Perciformes: Cichlidae] in Zobe Dam, Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria. Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 79(29): 1-7. https://basicandappliedzoology.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41936-018-0042-6
Authman, M. M. N., Bayoumy, E. M. and Kenawy, A. M. (2008). Heavy metal concentrations and liver histopathology of Oreochromis niloticus in relation to aquatic pollution. Global Veterinaria, 2: 110-116.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313551801_Heavy_metal_concentrations_and_liver_histopathology_of_Oreochromis_niloticus_in_relation_to_aquatic_pollution
Ayanda, I. O. (2009): Comparison of parasitic helminthes infection between sexes of Clariasgariepinus from Asa dam Ilorin, north central Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay, 4(4): 357-360. https://academicjournals.org/journal/SRE/article-full-text-pdf/565C8CA29193
Bash, J., Berman, C. and Bolton, S. (2001). Effects of Turbidity and Suspended Solids on Salmonids. Report for Washington State Transportation Commission, Seattle, Washington.
Bichi, A. H. and Ibrahim, A. A. (2009): A survey of ecto and intestinal parasites of Tilapia Zilli (Gervias) in Tiga Lake, Kano, and Northern Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2: 79-82. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/bajopas/article/view/58472
Biu, A. A. and Nkechi, O. P. (2013): Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of Tilapia zilli (Gervais 1848) in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 1(1): 20–24. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.723.8957&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Biu, A. A., Diyaware, M. Y., Yakaka, W. and Joseph, E. (2015): Survey of Parasites Infesting the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) from Lake Alau, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2 (2): 6 – 12.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Survey-of-Parasites-Infesting-the-Nile-Tilapia-from-Diyaware-Yakaka/63d167a2896175136008e011951faa45c6364d0b
Boyd, C. E. (2003). Guidelines for aquaculture effluent management at the farm level. Aquaculture, 226(1-4): 101– 112.
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.458.4505&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Bush, A. O., Fernandez, J. C., Esch, G. W. and Seed, J. R. (2001): Parasitism: the diversity and ecology of animal parasites. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Chandler, A. C. and Read, C. P. (1981): Introduction to parasitology. John Wiley and Son Inc., New York and London. 307pp.
Esch, G. W. and Fernändez, J. C. (1993): A functional biology of parasitism: Ecological and evolutionary implications, 1st edn. Chapman &Hall, London, p 337.
F.A.O. 1996. Aquaculture potential in African documentation issued on the occasion of the world food summit in Rome November 1996. Rome FAO. 20;
Marcogliese, D. J. (2002): Food webs and the transmission of parasites to marine fish. Parasitology, 124: S83–S99. https://sci-hub.ru/10.1017/s003118200200149x
Margolis, L., Esch, G. W., Holmes, J. C., Kuris, A. M. and Schad, G. A. (1982): The use of ecological terms in parasitology (report of an adhoc committee of the American Society of Parasitologists). The Journal of Parasitology, 68: 131–133.
https://www.academia.edu/2203172/The_use_of_ecological_terms_in_parasitology_report_of_an_ad_hoc_committee_of_the_American_Society_of_Parasitologists_
Mitiku, M. A., Konecyn, R. and Haile, A. L. (2018): Parasites of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from selected fish farms and Lake Koftuin central Ethio¬pia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 22(2): 65-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v22i2.6
Olagbemide, P. T. and Owolabi, O. (2019). Determination of Water Quality Index and suitability of three major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 6: e5719. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335742224_Determination_of_Water_Quality_Index_and_Suitability_of_Three_Major_Dams_in_Ekiti_State_Nigeria
Omoniyi, I. T. and Ojelade, O. C. (2017): Parasites of the Cichlid Fishes in Water Reservoir of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment, 17(2): 20-27. https://doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v17i2.1831
Oros, M. and Hanzelova, V. (2009). Re-establishment of the fish parasite fauna in the Tisa River system (Slovakia) after a catastrophic pollution event. Parasitology Research, 104: 1497-1506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1356-6
Paperna, I. (1996): Parasites infection and disease of fishes in Africa. CIFA Technical Paper No. 31. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
https://www.fao.org/docrep/008/v9551e/V9551E00.HTM
Saha, M., Bandyopadhyay, P. K., Roy, A. and Ghosh, S. (2015): Impact of seasons, host age, size and sex on the prevalence of protozoan parasites in ornamental fish. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 8(10): 54-59.
https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-javs/papers/vol8-issue10/Version-1/I081015459.pdf
Sinaré, Y., Boungou, M., Ouéda, A. Gnémé, A. and Kabré, G. B. (2013): Diversity and seasonal distribution of parasites of Oreochromis niloticus in semi-arid reservoirs (West Africa, Burkina Faso). Africa Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(13): 1164-1170.
https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR/article-full-text-pdf/18EDB2A57845
Sures, B., Nachev, M., Selbach, C. and Marcogliese, D. J. (2017): Parasite responses to pollution: what we know and where we go in “Environmental Parasitology. Parasites and Vectors, 10(1): 1-19. https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-017-2001-3