Assessment of Heavy Metals and Phytochemicals in Soil and Rice Samples Cultivated in a Selected Agricultural Region of Nigeria.
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Abstract
Rice is a staple food consumed daily by millions of Nigerians, making the safety of its cultivation critical to public health. Given the potential for bioaccumulation and toxicity, the presence of heavy metal residues in rice poses serious health risks, necessitating a thorough assessment of both heavy metals and phytochemicals in rice and the soils where it is cultivated across selected agricultural regions of Nigeria. This study assesses the concentrations of heavy metals and phytochemicals in soil and rice samples (parboiled and paddy) collected from Abuja and Kogi State in Nigeria. Determination of Pb, Cr, Zn, Cd, Mn, Fe, Ni and Cu in soil and rice samples was analyzed Using AAS Buck Scientific 211 AAS VGP, while the Determination of essential elements (Ca, Na, K and Mg) in soil and rice samples was done Using flame photometry (Jenway Digital Flame Photometer, PFP7 Model). The most prevalent essential and heavy metals are calcium (32.25±0.354), magnesium (14.292±0.008), and zinc (28.167±0.004), and the results showed that paddy rice had higher amounts of these elements than parboiled rice. Some metals exhibited bioaccumulation tendencies, with bioaccumulation values surpassing 1, particularly zinc and cadmium. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with the highest flavonoid component, Apigenin (0.2632 mg/g) in paddy rice obtained from Kogi State, while rice samples obtained from Abuja, had Protocatechuic acid (0.9076 mg/g) and Ferulic
acid (0.97 mg/g) as the highest phenolic components. Higher amounts of phytochemicals, which are advantageous for their antioxidant qualities, were retained in parboiled rice, suggesting that conventional parboiling techniques can aid in the retention of substances that promote health. For adults, the Hazard Index (HI) values of the metals were all less than 1, indicating low health risk while the HI value for the children in both locations was greater than 1 indicating potential adverse health effects. In order to guarantee food safety, the results highlight the necessity of routinely checking rice for pollutants and encouraging safer farming methods.
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