Role of Vitamin C and Citrus Fruits on Urinary Tract Infections in Owerri, Imo State of Nigeria
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Published:
Jun 7, 2023
Keywords:
Bacteria, Antibiotics, Alternative-medicine, Resistance, Prevention, Prevalence
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Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine has been recognized as an effective approach for the treatment of urinary tract infections by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This experimental descriptive study assessed the role of Vitamin C and Citrus fruits on Urinary Tract Infections in Owerri. A total of 384 participants comprising men and women residing in Owerri, ranging from 18 to 70 years were selected using random sampling technique. The data were collected using self-structured interview questionnaire as well as the experimental results, and were analyzed using simple percentages and Odds Ratio. Out of 384 participants,
126(32.8%) of them had urinary tract infections, 26.3% males were infected, while, 39.2% of the females had infections. Of the 107 participants who were consuming Vitamin C and Citrus fruits, 92.5% (OR=3.8) of them had no bacterial infection growth; out of 90 participants of those on Vitamin C alone, 77.8%(OR=2.4) had no infection, as 60.0%(OR=1.8) of those on fruits alone had no infection, while, those without Vitamin C and Citrus fruits had the highest growth infection rate of 65.5%. The result revealed sharp differences in the rate of prevention of growths of infection among the four groups of the participants. The data
analysis, showed that there was statistical significance (p=0.05) in the rate of prevention of urinary tract infection growth rates among the four groups. It is pertinent, to create more awareness among the population in the locality and indeed in the general populace on the importance of Vitamin C and Citrus fruits.
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Okoroiwu, G. I. A., & Ubosi, I. N. (2023). Role of Vitamin C and Citrus Fruits on Urinary Tract Infections in Owerri, Imo State of Nigeria. ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 3(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.53982/aijnas.2023.0301.03-j
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References
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Naing, L., Win, T., and Rusli, B. N. (2006). Practical Issues in Calculating the Sample Size. Archives of orofacial sciences, 1:9-14.
Naidu, K.A. (2003). Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mistery? An overview. Nutrition Journal, 2:7
Novak, J & Fratamico, P. (2004). Evaluation of Ascorbic acid as a quorum sensing analogue to control growth, sporulation and enterotoxin production in Clostridium perfringens. Journal of Food Science ,69: FMS72-8.
Ochoa-Brust, G.J., Fernandez, A.R., Villanueva-Ruiz, G.J., Velasco, R., Trujillo-Hernandez, B., Vasquez, C. (2007). Daily intake of 100mg ascorbic acid as urinary tract infection prophylactic agent during pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 86:783-787.
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Okoroiwu, G.I.A. (2018). Studies on the role of Escherichia coli in pregnancy related miscarriages (spontaneous abortion) in upland area of Rivers State of Nigeria. FUW Trends in Science &Technology Journal, 3(2A): 377-380.
Oudemans-van, S.H.M., Spoclstra-de, M.A.M., de-Ward, M.C. (2014). Vitamin C revisited Critical Care, 18:460
Peterlians, E. (1997). Oxidants and antioxidants in viral diseases. Journal of Nutrition, 127: 962S-965S.
Reedy, R. (2002). Urinary tract infections. Children’s health.
Segal, A.W. (2005). How neutrophils kill microbes. Annual Review of Immunology 23:197-223.
Sheerin, N.S. (2011). Urinary tract infection. Medicine, 39: 384-389.
Sheerin, N,S & Glover, E.K. (2019). Urinary tract infection. Medicine, 47: 546-550
Storm, O., Tiran, S.J., Garcia-Mora, A., Dehesa-Davila, M & Naber, K.G. (2019). Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection. Therapeutic Advances in Urology, 11: 1756287218814382
Svirbely, J.L & Szent-Gyorgyi, A. (1973). The chemical nature of Vitamin C. Biochemical Journal, 26: 865-70.
Verghese,R.J., Stephen,K.M & Alice, D. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of Vitamin C demonstrated on uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine, 3(2): 88.
Ana,L., Flores., Jennifer, N., Michael, C. & Scott, J. (2015). Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, mechanism of infections and treatment options. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 13(15):269-284
Asadi, K.M.R., Habibi, M. & Bouzari, S. (2019). Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance and development of effective vaccines against uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Molecular Immunology. 108:56-67
Bakar, J.H., Qiu, J., Grine, K.(2018). Role of complementary and alternative therapies in infectious disease. Prim.Care Clin Off Pract, 45:533-539.
Bazzaz, B.S.F., Fakori, M., Khameneh, B. & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2019). Effects of omeprazole and caffeine alone and in combination with gentamicin and ciprof loxacin against antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 22:49-54
Beerepoot, M.& Geerlings, S. (2016). Non-antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections. Pathogens, 5:36. 10.3390/pathogens5020036.
Bibi, S.F.B., Sareh, D.F., Reza, A& Bahman, K. (2021). Deep insights into urinary tract infections and effective natural remedies. African Journal of Urology, 27(6):
Biswas, S., Thomas, N., Mandal, N., Mullick, A., Chandra, D., Mukherjee, S. (2013). In-vitro analysis of antibacterial activity of Vitamin C alone and in combination with antibiotics on Gram positive rod isolated from soil of a dumping site Kolkata. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 3:101-110
Carlsson, S., Wiklund, N.P., Engstrand, L., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J.O. (2001). Effects of pH, nitrite, and ascorbic acid on nonenzymatic nitric oxide generation and bacterial growth in urine. Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry, 5(6): 580-586. https//doi.org/10.1006/niox.2001.0371
Carpenter, K.J. (1986). The history of Scurvy and Vitamin C. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK.
El-Gebaly, E., Essam, T., Hashem, S., El-Baky, R. (2013). Effect of levofloxacin and Vitamin C on bacterial adherence and performed biofilm on uretheral catheter surfaces. Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology, 4:131-6.
Fazly, B.B.S., Sarabani, S., Khameneh, B., Hosseinzadeh, H. (2016). Effect of catechins, green tea extract and methylxanthines in combination with gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa: combination therapy against resistant bacteria. Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 19:312-318.
Fazly, B.B.S., Sarabandi, S., Khameneh, B., Zahedian, O.S.M.R., Hosseinzadeh, H. (2018). In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of verbascoside, lemon verbena extract and caffeine in combination with gentamicin against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 8:246-253.
Ge, M., O’Relly, A., Bullie, N., Twentyman, G., Sturt, J., Fitzpatrick, M. (2008). Vitamin C: Evidence, application and commentary. NZ Fam Physician, 35: 312-8
Habash, M.B., Van der, M.H.C., Busscher, H.J., Reid, G. (1999). The effect of water, ascorbic acid and cranberry derived supplementation on human urine and uropathogen adhesion to silicone rubber. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45:691-694. 10.1139/w99-065.
Hermila, H. (2017). Vitamin C and infections. Nutrients. 9:339
Humen, R & Weyers, E. (1973). Changes in leucocyte ascorbic acid during the common cold. Scottish Medical Journal,18: 3-7.
Kasper, D.L., Fauci, A.S., Hauser, S.L., Longo, D.L., Jameson, J.L., Loscalzo, J. (2018). Urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis and prostatitis. In: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed. McGraw-Hill Education, New York.
Khameneh, B., Diab, R., Ghazvini, K., Fazly, B.B.S. (2016). Breakthroughs in bacterial resistance mechanisms and the potential ways to combat them. Microbial Pathogenesis, 95:32-42
Khameneh, B., Iranshahy, M., Vahdati-Mashhadian, N., Sahebkar, A., Fazly, B.B.S.(2019). Non-antibiotic adjunctive therapy: a promising approach to fight tuberculosis. Pharmacological Research, 146: 104289.
Khameneh, B., Iranshahy, M., Soheili, V., Fazly, B.B.S. (2019). Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8: 118
Martha, M & Edgar, C. (2019). An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections Therapeutic Advances in Urology 11:1756287219832172. doi:10.1177/1756287219832172.
Mina, B., Simin, D., Azam, A., Neda, N & Seyed, M.G. (2020). High-dose intravenous Vitamin C reduces urinary tract infection post-kidney transplantation African Journal of Urology, 26(37):
Naing, L., Win, T., and Rusli, B. N. (2006). Practical Issues in Calculating the Sample Size. Archives of orofacial sciences, 1:9-14.
Naidu, K.A. (2003). Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mistery? An overview. Nutrition Journal, 2:7
Novak, J & Fratamico, P. (2004). Evaluation of Ascorbic acid as a quorum sensing analogue to control growth, sporulation and enterotoxin production in Clostridium perfringens. Journal of Food Science ,69: FMS72-8.
Ochoa-Brust, G.J., Fernandez, A.R., Villanueva-Ruiz, G.J., Velasco, R., Trujillo-Hernandez, B., Vasquez, C. (2007). Daily intake of 100mg ascorbic acid as urinary tract infection prophylactic agent during pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 86:783-787.
Okoroiwu, G.I.A. (2008). Comparative studies of urinary tract infection and reproductive tract infection in Niger Delta States. Ph.D Thesis. Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Portharcourt, Nigeria.
Okoroiwu, G.I.A. (2018). Studies on the role of Escherichia coli in pregnancy related miscarriages (spontaneous abortion) in upland area of Rivers State of Nigeria. FUW Trends in Science &Technology Journal, 3(2A): 377-380.
Oudemans-van, S.H.M., Spoclstra-de, M.A.M., de-Ward, M.C. (2014). Vitamin C revisited Critical Care, 18:460
Peterlians, E. (1997). Oxidants and antioxidants in viral diseases. Journal of Nutrition, 127: 962S-965S.
Reedy, R. (2002). Urinary tract infections. Children’s health.
Segal, A.W. (2005). How neutrophils kill microbes. Annual Review of Immunology 23:197-223.
Sheerin, N.S. (2011). Urinary tract infection. Medicine, 39: 384-389.
Sheerin, N,S & Glover, E.K. (2019). Urinary tract infection. Medicine, 47: 546-550
Storm, O., Tiran, S.J., Garcia-Mora, A., Dehesa-Davila, M & Naber, K.G. (2019). Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection. Therapeutic Advances in Urology, 11: 1756287218814382
Svirbely, J.L & Szent-Gyorgyi, A. (1973). The chemical nature of Vitamin C. Biochemical Journal, 26: 865-70.
Verghese,R.J., Stephen,K.M & Alice, D. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of Vitamin C demonstrated on uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine, 3(2): 88.