Characterization and Comminution Energy Determination of Anka Manganese Ore for Steelmaking Applications

Abstract

The global demand for manganese continues to rise due to its critical role in steelmaking and emerging battery technologies. This study investigates the physicochemical properties and comminution energy requirements of manganese ore from the Anka deposit in Zamfara State, Nigeria. A comprehensive characterization was conducted using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRFS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Particle size analysis was carried out on the as-received sample, followed by a grindability test. The chemical analysis confirmed a high MnO content (52.112%), while mineralogical assessments identified pyrolusite and jacobsite as dominant phases. SEM-EDS analysis revealed the interlocking nature of manganese, iron, silicon, and aluminium within the ore matrix. Particle size analysis identified the optimal liberation size at -125+90 µm, assaying 53.973% MnO. Grindability tests using quartz and iron as reference ores yielded work index values of 11.34 kWh/ton and 14.62 kWh/ton, respectively. The average energy expended during grinding was 5.06 kWh. These findings provide a basis for designing energy-efficient beneficiation processes for Anka manganese ore, contributing to sustainable resource utilization and industrial cost reduction.