ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development (AJERD) https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd <p style="text-align: justify;">ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development (AJERD) is a double-blind peer-reviewed open access journal, which is domiciled in the College of Engineering of Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti (ABUAD), Ekiti State, Nigeria. The aim of AJERD is to promote the discovery, advancement and dissemination of innovative and novel original research and development results in different branches of engineering to the wider public. AJERD provides a platform for fast publication of research and development outputs. Apart from the journal-level digital object identifier (DOI) <a title="journal identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd">https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd</a>, all papers which are freely available online have individual permanent web identifier. The abstracts will be submitted for indexing in major academic databases. The journal accepts original research contributions that have not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere. Due to the large number of submissions coming in, our publications are now scheduled for April, August, and December with effect from 2025 (Volume 8).</p> <h4><strong>AJERD is indexed by </strong> <a href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/abuadjerd"> <img style="width: 25%; height: auto;" src="https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/templates/images/ajol.png" alt="#" /></a> <a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2645-2685"> <img style="width: 15%; height: auto;" src="https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/templates/images/doaj.png" alt="#" /></a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/"> <img style="width: 15%; height: auto;" src="https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/templates/images/scholar.png" alt="#" /></a></h4> <table style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th> <h4 style="color: green;">4 days</h4> Time to first <br />decision</th> <th> <h4 style="color: green;">28 days</h4> Review time</th> <th> <h4 style="color: green;">63 days</h4> Submission <br />to acceptance</th> <th> <h4 style="color: green;">2 days</h4> Acceptance <br />to publication</th> <th> <h4 style="color: green;">49%</h4> Acceptance <br />rate</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> College of Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria en-US ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development (AJERD) 2756-6811 Artificial Neural Network for the Clustering of Vibration Signals for Condition Monitoring of Rotating Machines https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/949 <p><em>Vibration analysis is commonly used to provide valuable insights into the condition of a machine, which is crucial for ensuring reliability and reducing maintenance costs. However, analysis of vibration signals using artificial neural network (ANN) is mostly via development of classification models, which cannot be suitably applied to several varied machine types and specifications. This study investigates the use of ANN in the clustering of vibration signals for machine condition monitoring of several rotating machines. Data obtained from different rotating machines for 4 years was utilized for the study. The data contained values of vibration signals taken at 12 different pickup points, power ratings, year and equipment location. The obtained data was preprocessed and analyzed statistically. Then, silhouette scores and within-cluster sum of squares (WCSS) were used to obtain the optimum number of clusters for the analysis. Afterwards, different clusters were created using ANN, which were then explored to gain insights for potential applicability of the technique for assessment of the conditions of rotating machines. The result of ANOVA showed that there were significant variations between readings obtained from different pickup points and readings obtained from the different machines, with p-values far less than 0.05 for both cases. It was found via silhouette and WCSS that 9 was an optimum number of clusters for the analysis. Calculated mean of standardized values informs that 6 clusters contained machines with different forms of faults, having positive mean values far greater than 0. Also, there were 2 clusters with machines having good working conditions with negative mean values, while one cluster had machines that were moderately okay with mean values close to 0. The study has shown that ANN can effectively cluster a set of machines based on their conditions using vibration signals taken at different pick-up points. The developed framework is a suitable alternative to ANN-based classification methods which have limited applicability.</em></p> Eyere Emagbetere Samson Uwatse Omonzokpia Goerge Okoidigun Copyright (c) 2025 Eyere Emagbetere, Samson Uwatse, Omonzokpia Goerge Okoidigun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-01-18 2025-01-18 8 1 1 13 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.01-j Implementation of a Smart Home Intruder Detection System using a Vibrometer and ESP 32 CAM https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/884 <p><em>Nigeria today is rife with occurrences of intruders breaking into homes at every slight opportunity. The topic of security is quite important; hence this paper presents the development and implementation of a Smart Intruder Detection System utilizing the ESP32-CAM board, the Vibrometer and the ATMega328P microcontroller to enhance lighting, security, and surveillance functionalities. The ESP32-CAM serves as the central control unit, leveraging its built-in Wi-Fi and camera capabilities, while communicating with the ATMega328P microcontroller responsible for managing lighting, security, and surveillance components. The Vibrometer adds a vital layer of security by detecting vibrations associated with forced entry attempts. Upon sensing significant vibrations, the Vibrometer triggers the ESP32-CAM to start an immediate recording of potential intrusions. In the realm of lighting control, the ATMega328P regulates diverse light sources such as LEDs and smart bulbs. The ESP32-CAM facilitates a user-friendly experience, enabling seamless control and automation of the lighting system through a dedicated mobile application or voice commands. For surveillance purposes, the ESP32-CAM captures real-time video, streaming it to the user's mobile device or a centralized monitoring station. The ATMega328P contributes to the system's intelligence by supporting motion detection algorithms, which, in turn, trigger automated alerts and activate lighting or alarm systems in response to detected movement. The precision performance of the components was carried out and the average precision for all the components was 95%. The synergistic integration of the ESP32-CAM board and ATMega328P microcontroller results in a cohesive and intelligent smart home automation solution.</em></p> Samuel Owoeye Folasade Durodola Adekunle Oyelami Racheal Oladejo Samuel Obasuyi Ademola Qasim Joshua Ogundairo Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Owoeye, Folasade Durodola, Adekunle Oyelami, Racheal Oladejo, Samuel Obasuyi, Ademola Qasim, Joshua Ogundairo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-01-18 2025-01-18 8 1 14 20 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.02-j Effect of Palm Kernel Shell Ash Supplement with Egg Shell Ash on Stabilized Lateritic Soil for a Road Work https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/943 <p><em>Lateritic soil serves as a fundamental material in road construction; however, its engineering properties can be significantly improved through the use of additives. In Nigeria, the abundant generation of agricultural by-products—such as palm kernel shells, eggshells, and wood residues—presents challenges related to waste disposal and management. These materials can contribute to environmental degradation, including air and water pollution, and adversely affect local ecosystems. This study explores the effects of Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PKSA) and Egg Shell Ash (ESA) on the stabilization of lateritic soil for use in road pavement applications. Comprehensive geotechnical testing was conducted on natural lateritic soil to assess various parameters: Specific Gravity (SG), percentage passing sieve No. 200 (F-200), Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL), Plasticity Index (PI), Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), and both unsoaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR). These parameters were also measured for stabilized soil samples incorporating 4% PKSA and varying percentages of ESA (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) by dry weight of the lateritic soil, in accordance with West African Standards (WAS). The analysis revealed that the natural lateritic soil exhibited an SG of 2.53, F-200 of 27.00%, LL of 29.00%, PL of 17.20%, PI of 11.8%, MDD of 1820 kg/m³, OMC of 11.5%, and CBR of 22%. Conversely, the stabilized samples demonstrated SG values ranging from 2.3 to 2.5, F-200 between 27% and 28%, LL from 27.0% to 30.0%, PL between 10.0% and 17.2%, PI ranging from 10.3% to 11.8%, MDD between 1860 and 2000 kg/m³, OMC values between 8% and 11%, and CBR results from 25% to 80%. Notably, the combination of 4% PKSA and 8% ESA resulted in significant improvements in the engineering properties of the soil, rendering it suitable for use as sub-base material in road construction. Therefore, this blend is recommended for effectively stabilizing lateritic soil for road infrastructure projects.</em></p> Sulaiman Olayinka Subair Copyright (c) 2025 Sulaiman Olayinka Subair https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-01-18 2025-01-18 8 1 21 28 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.03-j Water Quality Assessment of Selected Wells in the Farmer-led Irrigation System in Anloga District, Volta Region, Ghana https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/955 <p><em>Increased groundwater extraction for irrigation is leading to the intrusion of saline seawater into many wells in some communities in Anloga District, Volta Region, Ghana, with resultant adverse effects on crop productivity. This study investigated the water quality of selected wells in four communities of the district for their suitability for irrigation. Water samples were collected from 10 representative wells, purposively selected out of 60, to determine the pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved salt by means of a pH/EC/TDS/Temperature portable meter, and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphates, chlorides, bicarbonate and nitrate, using standard chemical laboratory procedures. The geochemical characterization of the sampled water sources was carried out using the Piper trilinear diagram, and revealed the dominance of Na-Cl facies of the groundwater in Tegbi, Whuti and Anyanui, suggesting seawater encroachment connected with groundwater abstraction. The water samples from wells in Woe indicated the Ca-Mg-Cl-SO<sub>4</sub> mixed type and are considered</em> <em>suitable for irrigation.</em> <em>About 50% of the sampled wells could be classified under the high salinity-low sodium hazard (C3-S1), 20% are under very high salinity-medium sodium hazard (C4-S2), another 20% under very high salinity-high sodium hazard (C4-S3) and 10% under medium salinity-low sodium (C2-S1) classes. These wells are prone to salinity, and farmers’ discretion is recommended through the adoption of conditional use of the irrigation water such as growing of salt-tolerant crops.</em></p> Henry Evonameh Igbadun Olufunke Cofie Donatus Obiajulu ONWUEGBUNAM Michael Adote Kpakpo-Sraha Seifu TILAHUN Copyright (c) 2025 Henry Evonameh Igbadun, Olufunke Cofie, Donatus Obiajulu Onwuegbunam, Michael Adote Kpakpo-Sraha, Seifu Tilahun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-01-18 2025-01-18 8 1 29 42 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.04-j Technical Losses across Distribution Networks in Nigeria and Mitigative Measures: A Review https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/863 <p><em>The different distribution companies (DisCOs) in Nigeria constantly battle with the issue of technical losses on their respective distribution networks. And this is one factor that heavily affects their revenue. Though, technical losses are inevitable because they cannot be totally eliminated but can be rather reduced. This paper identifies lengthy distribution lines, worn-out equipment, insufficient size of conductors of distribution lines, no growth provision of system, unequal load distribution of the three phases of low tension lines, low voltage, overloading of distribution lines, load factor effect, low power factor, abnormal operating conditions, transformer sizing and selection, location of distribution transformers, feeder length, poor workmanship, use of overrated distribution transformers, efficiency of equipment and lack of proper maintenance as some of the root causes of technical losses. In addition, practicable solutions are provided on ways the identified technical losses can be curbed on the networks of the distribution companies if implemented. The focus of this survey is to present the prevalent factors that induce technical losses on the DisCOs networks and the measures that can be taken to limit the occurrence of this class of losses. This assessment will aid industry experts, potential investors and other investigators in taking appropriate decisions on projects within this field.</em></p> Gerard Nonso Obiora Godwin Osariemen Igbinosa Collins Belouebi Fiemobebefa Copyright (c) 2025 Gerard Nonso Obiora, Godwin Osariemen Igbinosa, Collins Belouebi Fiemobebefa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-01-18 2025-01-18 8 1 43 49 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.05-j Design and Construction of an Aquaponics System: A Sustainable Approach to Enhancing Local Food Security in Offa, Nigeria https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/929 <p><em>The design of an aquaponics system is a major drive in achieving a sustainable agricultural practice, tackling environmental problems, and food security. Aquaponics provides a conservative technique that integrates both hydroponics and aquaculture in regions with minimal arable land. This current study aims to design and build an aquaponics system that is suitable and beneficial to its environment. The objectives of building the aquaponics system are to cultivate fish and plants in a closed system that can reduce the requirement for chemical-based nutrients and increase water-use efficiency. Preliminary assessment, design, and preparations of drawings were applied to obtain a suitable plan for the aquaponics system. Civil, construction, plumbing, welding, and planting works were conducted to physically implement the aquaponics system. A farm base of 8 m X 4 m (hydroponics) was built alongside a concrete tank base of (3 m x 2 m x 0.6 m) to hold the fish tank of 2000 L (aquaculture). A canopy material was then laid to hold water in the hydroponics section. Twelve pieces of polystyrene (2.1 m X 1.2 m) were laid to float inside the hydroponics system with each one carrying 9 lightweight disposable cups to serve as planting mediums. Rice husk and palm kernel shells were filled into the cups to grow the plants (cucumber and pepper). Plant and growing medium weights were considered in determining the number of growing mediums(cups) in the hydroponics system. Other works done included plumbing for water, welding for the aquaponics structure, and installation of a cover. This current study incorporates organic waste materials as systematically grown mediums to create additional nutrients, increase grow mediums for optimized plant production, and reduce cost. The result of the study showed a shorter growth cycle for the plants (pepper and cucumber) between germination and flowering indicating a higher infusion of nutrients created by the hydroponics system. The result of the study can be applied as a guide to designing and building an effective aquaponics system and a tool for developing systems that can reduce food insecurity and farming techniques.</em></p> Rofiat Bunmi Mudashiru Maryam Yusuf-Olawuyi Aliyu Tijani Lateef Umar Francis Okeke Oluwabunmi Adeyemi Ismaila Amototo Fatai Salaudeen Copyright (c) 2025 Rofiat Bunmi Mudashiru, Maryam Yusuf-Olawuyi, Aliyu Tijani, Lateef Umar, Francis Okeke, Oluwabunmi Adeyemi, Ismaila Amototo, Fatai Salaudeen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-03 2025-02-03 8 1 50 60 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.06-j Exploring the Expediency of Waste Materials as Modifiers for Bitumen Mixes https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/975 <p><em>This research explores industrial waste materials (waste plastic bottle and waste sachet water) as potentially modifiers for Hot Bitumen Mix (HBM) and Warm Bitumen Mix (WBM). This research becomes necessary because of the poor performance of HBM and WBM. Review of literature revealed that independent use of Waste Plastic Bottle (WPB) and Waste Sachet Water (WSW) significantly enhanced the performance of HBM and WBM. However, literature is scanty on blended use of WPB and WSW. The HBM samples were produced using 60/70 penetration grade of bitumen. Additive (sasobit) was added to the bitumen at 3.5 wt. % of the bitumen for the production of WBM. The HBM and WBM were modified by incorporating blended WPB and WSW thereby forming a composite mixture. The composite was varied at a proportion of 0 – 18 wt. % at 2% interval by 1:1 of the bitumen. The index properties of the HBM and WBM were analyzed. The modified HBM and WBM samples were characterized for microstructure using the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The softening point and penetration index increased with increasing composite mixtures. The penetration reduced with increasing content of the composites. However, the optimum performances were obtained at 10 and 14 wt. % of WPB and WSW for HBM and WBM replacement, respectively, with specific gravity, penetration index, ductility and viscosity of 96, 54, 92, and 75% for HBM and 91, 32, 88, and 89% for WBM, higher than the control mix, respectively. The XRF revealed an enhancement in the adhesion and interlocking in the mineral structure. Exploring WPB and WSW as a modifier for the bitumen mixtures is feasible due to the improved performance of the bitumen mixes. Furthermore, incorporation of the waste materials through their conversion into useful raw materials is an environmental way of waste disposal, and sustainability.</em></p> Lukman Olaide Salami Ifedolapo Omowumi Ameen Afeez Adefemi Bello Copyright (c) 2025 Lukman Olaide Salami, Ifedolapo Omowumi Ameen, Afeez Adefemi Bello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-03 2025-02-03 8 1 61 70 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.07-j Development and Performance Evaluation of a Poultry Bird Defeathering Machine https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/596 <p><em>The poultry processing industry is under high demand due to the increasing demand for chicken meat worldwide, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where manual defeathering is the norm. The primary objectives of this study were the design, construction, and performance evaluation of a chicken defeathering machine using locally accessible materials. Standard equations and formulae were used in the design of the machine's main parts, which include the electric motor, sheave, belt, pulley, bearing, feather plate, rubber fingers, cylindrical drum, and rubber pluckers. Fifteen cockerel chickens of different weights were evaluated at three different speeds of 450, 500, and 550 rpm in order to assess the performance of the chicken feather plucking machine. The data obtained was analyzed using Excel 13. The highest defeathering efficiency of 84.49% was recorded at a machine speed of 450 rpm, followed by a defeathering efficiency of 81.70% at a machine speed of 500 rpm, while the lowest defeathering efficiency of 80.98% was recorded at a machine speed of 550 rpm, respectively. The highest plucking time of 22.80 s was recorded at a machine speed of 450 rpm, followed by a plucking time of 20.40 s at a machine speed of 500 rpm, while the lowest plucking time of 19.80 s was recorded at a machine speed of 550 rpm, respectively. It will take an average of 21.00 seconds to defeat a medium cockerel used for the testing of the defeathering, which implies that the developed defeathering machine can defeat 171 chickens per hour. The machine is powered by a 5.5-hp, three-phase electric motor and has a production cost of $250, with the construction materials being locally available at affordable costs. The machine is recommended to both small and medium-scale farmers and food processors due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and improvement over the previous ones in terms of efficiency and capacity.</em></p> Olufemi Adeyemi Adetola Copyright (c) 2025 Olufemi Adeyemi Adetola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-03 2025-02-03 8 1 71 78 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.08-j Modelled Energy Cost Minimization Solution for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/965 <p><em>In wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs), mobile chargers (MCs) are normally scheduled to deliver energy to the rechargeable sensor nodes (SNs). However, due to the energy consumption dynamicity of WRSNs, constructing optimal charging trajectories with minimized number of failed SNs due to energy deficiency ensuring a sustained WRSN operation at minimum MC’s movement cost is one aspect of the subject matter not yet thoroughly investigated. Thus, exploring this knowledge is the focus of this work. We applied shortest path algorithm, on-demand scheduling and multi-node charging methods to construct the energy cost-effective charging path for the MC, a model we coined as Shortest Hamiltonian Cycle Traveling Salesman Problem (SHC-TSP). Comparative analysis proves the optimality of our solution against the notable nearest job next with pre-emption (NJNP) model in terms of minimizing MC’s traveling energy cost with energy savings of 3.9156% and 2.1940% for the two scenarios respectively examined.</em></p> Musa Ahmed Dominic Saaityo NYITAMEN Fatai Olatunde Adunola Sagir Lawan Copyright (c) 2025 Musa Ahmed, Dominic Saaityo Nyitamen, Fatai Olatunde Adunola, Sagir Lawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-09 2025-02-09 8 1 79 87 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.09-j Biosorption of Chromium and Nickel from Industrial Oil Mill Wastewater Using Groundnut Pod Waste Activated Carbon https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/695 <p><em>Groundnut shell activated carbon was developed and characterized by chemical activation using phosphoric acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>) for the uptake of Cr and Ni in a batch biosorption process. The purpose of this study was to reduce the spread of heavy metals in industrial oil mill wastewater. In this study characterization of activated carbon using, surface chemistry (FTI-IR), surface area (BET), surface morphology, and elemental identification (SEM/EDX) were all carried out, and the BET surface area was 689.41 m<sup>2</sup>/g for groundnut shell activated carbon. This study was also executed to determine the optimum biosorption efficiency parameters for Cr and Ni removal using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to obtain maximum biosorption efficiency. The factors considered were temperature (25-55<sup>o</sup>C), adsorbent dosage (0.2-3 g) and contact time (1-2 hrs). Biosorption efficiency was the response. ANOVA analysis was carried out to analyse the most effective factor in experimental design response. The optimum conditions for removal of Cr and Ni were adsorbent dosage 0.40 g, contact time 1.1 hr and temperature 42.02 <sup>o</sup>C, which shows the maximum biosorption efficiency of 97.1% for Cr removal and 94.8% for Ni removal. Isotherm models analyses showed that the biosorption process was best fitted to Langmuir model and was physical. Results of the kinetic studies and thermodynamic parameters revealed that the biosorption process followed a pseudo-second-order, endothermic, and spontaneous in nature.</em></p> Nanret Liba Yaceh Michael Sunday Olakunle Nehemiah Samuel Maina Copyright (c) 2025 Nanret Liba Yaceh, Michael Sunday Olakunle, Nehemiah Samuel Maina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-03 2025-02-03 8 1 88 103 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.10-j Enhancement of a SWIPT Based Amplify and Forward Cooperative Relaying Protocol for Wireless Communication System https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1087 <p><em>Communication through unbounded environment known as Wireless Communication (WC) undergoing rapid expansion driven by the escalating demand for its services. However, WC system is subjected to severe multipath propagation due to obstruction in the medium of transmission thereby resulting in signal fading that degrades system performance. SWIPT based Amplify and Forward (AF) relaying protocol previously used in addressing signal fading is characterized with poor performance due to noise amplification. Hence, this paper, enhanced a SWIPT based AF relaying technique for WC system using angular beamforming at the source and spectral subtraction at the relay node. The transmitting signal at the source was beamformed using angular beamforming technique at varying angles of </em> <em> and </em> <em>. The received signal was made to pass through Power Splitter (PS) energy harvester where the signal power </em> <em> was splited into two fractions, </em> <em> and </em> <em>. The first fraction that is </em> <em>, was used for energy harvesting by making it to pass through energy harvester device to scavenge energy and store in the power storage. The remaining fraction that is, </em> <em>, was made to pass through spectral subtraction and amplify using relay gain before forwarded to the destination during second hop transmission. The enhanced technique's performance was assessed using BER and TP, comparing it to the existing SWIPT-based AF relaying technique. The enhanced SWIPT based AF gave better performance with reduce BER and improve TP which justify the reduction of amplify noise in the propose technique. The proposed technique can be integrated into wireless communication systems to improve their overall performance.</em></p> Festus Kehinde Ojo Nafiu Olayiwola Akintoye Samson Iyanda Ojo Oluwatobi Omolola Oyedokun Copyright (c) 2025 Festus Kehinde Ojo, Nafiu Olayiwola Akintoye, Samson Iyanda Ojo, Oluwatobi Omolola Oyedokun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-08 2025-02-08 8 1 104 112 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.11-j Corrosion Mitigation with Chemical Injection in Welded Carbon Steel Pipe for Offshore Water Treatment Plant https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/692 <p><em>In Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading (FPSO) vessels, the steel pipes used for water treatment plants are susceptible to corrosion from dissolved oxygen and bacteria in seawater. Chemicals such as oxygen scavengers and biocides are used to combat this. However, using oxygen scavengers can lead to bacterial growth, which can cause a reduction in pipe diameter, increased water pressure, and potential leaks, particularly in the welded sections. Biocides are used to address bacterial growth. In this study, steel coupons were welded with a low-hydrogen electrode, and water from the Lagos lagoon was used to replicate seawater composition. The study employed two different media, agitated and non-agitated, to investigate the effect of water flow dynamics on corrosion rate. Chemical injections did not effectively mitigate corrosion in the tested conditions but sometimes increased it. The results revealed that general corrosion was observed in the samples when no chemical was injected into the system, with an average 0 mm/yr corrosion rate. The agitation of the media led to increased corrosion rates. For biocide injection, the rate increased from 1 mm/y to 2 mm/yr, while in oxygen scavenger solution, the rate increased from an average of 4 mm/yr to 8 mm/yr. Analysis of the cultured seawater parameters showed variations in salinity, total dissolved solids, oxidation-reduction potential, pH, temperature, specific gravity, and conductivity across different media.&nbsp; The pH of the solution generally increased with time, while the addition of an oxygen scavenger reduced the pH value from approx. 6.5 to 6.2. Agitation of the media and chemical injection increased the conductivity of the solution. Biocide introduction lowered the redox potential, while oxygen scavenger made the redox potential unstable. X-ray diffraction analysis of the steel surface exposed to the seawater indicated the presence of various compounds, suggesting ongoing corrosion processes and the existence of organic and inorganic contaminants. This research has the potential to significantly impact offshore water treatment, providing valuable insights into the challenges and potential solutions for corrosion mitigation in this critical area.</em></p> Henry Ekene Mgbemere Johnson Olumuyiwa Agunsoye Kenechi Ijeoma Ojemeni Obianuju Vivian Izuegbu Copyright (c) 2025 Henry Ekene Mgbemere, Johnson Olumuyiwa Agunsoye, Kenechi Ijeoma Ojemeni, Obianuju Vivian Izuegbu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-08 2025-02-08 8 1 113 121 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.12-j Machine Learning-Based Multimodal Biometric Authentication System (Facial and Fingerprint Recognition) for Online Voting Systems https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/830 <p><em>Online voting systems offer many advantages over traditional voting methods, such as paper ballots, this is because paper ballots face some well-known challenges, ranging from logistics, susceptibility to tampering, and the requirement for voters to be physically present at polling stations. In contrast, online voting systems offer the potential to overcome these challenges by providing a convenient and accessible means for citizens to cast their votes from anywhere. However, online voting systems must address significant security and authentication challenges to ensure that each vote is cast by a legitimate and unique voter, maintaining the integrity of the electoral process. This project proposes the development of a machine learning authentication module that can be integrated into an online voting system using facial recognition and fingerprint recognition to enhance the security of online voting. The system therefore consists of two main components; the machine learning-based authentication component and the web-based voting platform. The authentication component uses machine learning algorithms to accurately and reliably verify the identities of voters based on their biometric data. The web-based platform facilitates voter registration, authentication, and voting processes, ensuring a seamless and secure user experience. These two components were implemented first by obtaining a comprehensive database of user biometric data, training the machine learning module, and implementing a user-friendly web interface using Java Server Pages (JSP) and a MySQL database. The system's performance was evaluated using established metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and R2 Score with the following values 98%, 1.0, 0.8 and 0.78 respectively.</em></p> Solomon Omoze Samuel Omaji Glory Nosawaru Edegbe Copyright (c) 2025 Solomon Omoze, Samuel Omaj, Glory Nosawaru Edegbe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-11 2025-02-11 8 1 122 128 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.13-j Synthesis of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Rutile (TiO2/MWCNTs) Composite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Textile Wastewater https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/850 <p><em>Photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient approach for the treatment of industrial wastewater, offering the potential to degrade persistent organic pollutants under light irradiation. This study explores the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of textile wastewater using a TiO<sub>2</sub>-based nanocomposite photocatalyst. The composite was synthesized by modifying rutile TiO<sub>2</sub>, derived from natural rutile ore, with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through a hydrothermal process. The microstructure, morphology, chemical composition, surface area, and phase structure of rutile-TiO<sub>2</sub>, MWCNTs, and the TiO<sub>2</sub>/MWCNTs nanocomposite were characterized using different characterization techniques including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Photocatalytic activity was evaluated by measuring the degradation of organic pollutants, with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phenol concentration as indicators, under both artificial and natural sunlight irradiations. The results revealed that the incorporation of MWCNTs significantly enhanced the photocatalytic performance of rutile TiO<sub>2</sub>. Under visible light, phenol removal efficiencies were 59% and 42% for the TiO<sub>2</sub>/MWCNTs nanocomposite and rutile-TiO<sub>2</sub>, respectively, while under sunlight, the removal rates increased to 73% and 56%. Similarly, COD reduction was 55% for TiO<sub>2</sub>/MWCNTs compared to 35% for rutile-TiO<sub>2</sub> under visible light, and 73% versus 56% under sunlight. These findings demonstrate that MWCNT modification improves the photoactivity of rutile-TiO<sub>2</sub>, offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach to wastewater treatment using photocatalysts derived from natural ore. This study presents a viable alternative for synthesizing TiO<sub>2</sub>-based materials for environmental remediation.</em></p> Tunmise Latifat Adewoye Omowumi Mardiyah Issa Ishaq Alhassan Mohammed Sherif Ishola Mustapha Omodele Abiodun Abosede Eletta Fatai Alade Aderibigbe Saka Ambali Abdulkareem Copyright (c) 2025 Tunmise Latifat Adewole, Omowumi Mardiyah Issa, Ishaq Alhassan Mohammed, Sherif Ishola Mustapha, Omodele Abiodun Abosede Eletta, Fatai Alade Aderibigbe, Saka Ambali Abdulkareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-14 2025-02-14 8 1 129 139 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.14-j Investigation of Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Strategies in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Industry https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1025 <p><em>As Africa's largest oil producer, Nigeria heavily relies on its Oil &amp; Gas (O&amp;G) sector, which significantly contributes to the nation's GDP, export profits, and government revenue. However, this sector faces substantial challenges due to its susceptibility to cyberattacks, which exploit the vast amounts of sensitive data generated across its operations. These threats have become more prominent with the integration of digital technologies, increasing the sector's vulnerability. Despite efforts like the Nigerian Data Protection Regulation, cyber incidents like ransomware and Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) continue targeting critical infrastructure, leading to severe financial, operational, and environmental impacts. The rising frequency of such attacks highlights the urgent need for enhanced cybersecurity measures within Nigeria's O&amp;G industry. This study aims to investigate the cybersecurity landscape in the sector, focusing on identifying prevalent cyber threats and assessing the effectiveness of current control measures. Through systematically analyzing existing research and data, the study seeks to provide insights into the evolution of cyber threats and propose strategies for strengthening the sector's cybersecurity posture.</em></p> Christopher Ubaka Ebelogu Rajesh Prasad Hashim Ibrahim Bisallah Baba Mohammed Hammawa Israel Musa Copyright (c) 2025 Christopher Ubaka Ebelogu, Rajesh Prasad, Hashim Ibrahim Bisallah, Baba Mohammed Hammawa, Israel Musa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-02-23 2025-02-23 8 1 140 150 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.15-j AI-Driven Assessment of Educational Interventions: Enhancing Midwives’ Competence in using condom-catheter intrauterine balloon tamponade - Review https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1178 <p><em>Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is still a major cause of maternal death and morbidity globally, especially in areas with limited resources. This emphasizes the urgent need for strong training programs for healthcare professionals as well as efficient therapies. When first-line uterotonic medicines are ineffective, intrauterine balloon tamponade (IUBT) has become a useful, minimally invasive method for treating PPH. However, the ability of healthcare professionals, particularly midwives, to carry out IUBT accurately and effectively is crucial to its successful deployment. Conventional IUBT training approaches, such as lectures, demonstrations, and practical mannequin practice, frequently have drawbacks in terms of scalability, objectivity of evaluation, uniformity, and capacity to offer tailored feedback. These restrictions may make it more difficult to learn and retain critical skills, which may affect patient outcomes and safety. This study explores the revolutionary potential of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven evaluation methodologies to enhance midwives' competence with condom-catheter IUBT to address the shortcomings of conventional training methods. </em></p> Oluwatoyin Olajumoke Akinyemi Gbemisola Bolanle Ogbeye Oluwaseun Eniola Adegbilero-Iwari Adeniran Sunday Afolalu Copyright (c) 2025 Oluwatoyin Olajumoke Akinyemi, Gbemisola Bolanle Ogbeye, Oluwaseun Eniola Adegbilero-Iwari, Adeniran Sunday Afolalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-03-13 2025-03-13 8 1 151 160 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.16-j AI-Powered Platforms for Interactive Nutrition Education Based on WHO (World Health Organization) Guidelines – An Overview https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1180 <p><em>Malnutrition is still a major worldwide health issue; hence creative methods of nutrition teaching are required. The transformational potential of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered platforms to provide individualized and interactive nutrition education in line with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines is examined in this paper. It explores how AI improves engagement through gamification and virtual coaching, makes tailored dietary suggestions based on individual needs and tastes, and offers data-driven feedback for tracking success. The study looks at how well these platforms match WHO nutritional guidelines and considers the advantages—like higher engagement and better memory retention—as well as the drawbacks—like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and unequal access. Additionally, it investigates how AI improves user engagement through interactive features like gamification, chatbots that employ natural language processing to provide individualized virtual coaching, and dynamic feedback systems for behavior reinforcement and progress monitoring. To show how these AI-driven platforms can encourage adherence to evidence-based guidelines for balanced diets, appropriate nutrient intake, and the prevention of diet-related non-communicable diseases, the report explores the critical alignment of these platforms with specific WHO dietary recommendations. This study critically examines the associated challenges, including worries about data privacy and security, the possibility of algorithmic bias, the need for fairness and equity in AI-driven recommendations, and the crucial issue of ensuring equitable access to these technologies across diverse populations, addressing the digital divide, in addition to the advantages of increased user engagement and improved knowledge retention</em></p> Taiwo Folake Ojo Oluwaseyi Abiodun Akpor Yetunde Justinah Talabi Adeniran Sunday Afolalu Copyright (c) 2025 Taiwo Folake Ojo, Oluwaseyi Abiodun Akpor, Yetunde Justinah Alabi, Adeniran Sunday Afolalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-03-12 2025-03-12 8 1 161 168 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.17-j IoT-Driven Innovations in Psychosocial Care for Breast Cancer Survivors - A Review https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1179 <p><em>Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are developing at a rapid pace, which could greatly improve the psychosocial support provided to breast cancer survivors. The intersection of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and psychosocial care represents a transformative avenue for improving the quality of life of breast cancer survivors. This review explores recent advancements in IoT applications in psychosocial care, focusing on their role in addressing emotional, psychological, and social challenges faced by survivors. The discussion encompasses IoT-enabled wearable devices, mobile health applications, and smart environments that facilitate remote monitoring, real-time interventions, and personalized support. Challenges and future research directions are also examined to guide stakeholders in leveraging IoT innovations for holistic care. This also explores the integration of IoT innovations in addressing the unique psychosocial challenges faced by these individuals. By examining existing literature and case studies, we identify key areas where IoT can facilitate improved mental health support, enhance communication between patients and healthcare providers, and promote a sense of community among survivors. The findings suggest that IoT-driven solutions can lead to better health outcomes and quality of life for breast cancer survivors.</em></p> Wuraola Foluke Owolabi Olufunke Agatha Ogunkorede Oluwaseyi Abiodun Akpor Adeniran Sunday Afolalu Copyright (c) 2025 Wuraola Foluke Owolabi, Olufunke Agatha Ogunkorede, Oluwaseyi Abiodun Akpor, Adeniran Sunday Afolalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-03-14 2025-03-14 8 1 169 176 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.18-j IoT-Driven Solutions for Empowering Widows and Safeguarding Women’s Rights in Southern Nigeria https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1153 <p><em>The empowerment of women and their autonomy in the areas of social, economic, political, and health is highly necessary. However, some categories of women, like the widows, have been neglected over time when policies that has to do with socio-economic development is being considered in any level of government. Based on this, the study examined how the Rights of women and especially widows are protected. Also, the study further examined the impact of the adoption of Internet of Things technology in ensuring adequate empowerment of women as well of their Rights protection. The findings revealed that training and evaluation of the vulnerable women in this category is important. Also, it was suggested that there must be adequate monitoring of the IoT technology to ensure that is acceptable. More so, training of the widows is very important to ensure their understanding and subsequent improvement in the area of sustainable economy.</em></p> Tosin Olusola Ayedun Oluwaseyi Abiodun Akpor Yetunde Justinah Alabi Ifeoluwa Olubiyi Adeniran Sunday Afolalu Copyright (c) 2025 Tosin Olusola Ayedun, Oluwaseyi Abiodun Akpor, Yetunde Justinah Alabi, Ifeoluwa Olubiyi, Adeniran Sunday Afolalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-03-14 2025-03-14 8 1 177 184 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.19-j AI-Powered Predictive Analytics for Identifying Domestic Violence Risk Factors Across Cultures- An Overview https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1148 <p><em>This study offers a comprehensive examination of the use of AI-driven predictive analytics to discern risk variables for domestic violence across various cultural frameworks. Domestic violence (DV) is a widespread global concern with significant physical, psychological, and societal consequences, disproportionately affecting women while also influencing men. Conventional detection and intervention efforts are frequently reactive and inadequately funded, underscoring the necessity for innovative, data-driven approaches. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI)—encompassing machine learning, natural language processing, and deep learning—present significant opportunities for enhanced timeliness and precision in risk assessment. These tools can assist in recognising patterns of abuse, forecasting escalation, and providing targeted support services instantaneously. Utilising AI in this delicate field necessitates meticulous attention to ethical dilemmas, encompassing privacy, data bias, and the possibility for technological exploitation. Furthermore, cultural norms, legal structures, and socioeconomic conditions can profoundly affect the occurrence of domestic abuse and the effectiveness of AI-driven remedies. This study highlights the significance of a culturally informed, ethically principled, and interdisciplinary methodology through the analysis of contemporary literature and practical implementations. Future research directions encompass the creation of more inclusive and transparent algorithms, the expansion of cross-cultural datasets, and the integration of AI into comprehensive public health and social services frameworks to guarantee safe and successful domestic violence prevention globally.</em></p> Isijola Bukola Ibiso Elizabeth Funmilayo OJo Olufunke Agatha Ogunkorede Adeniran Sunday Afolalu Copyright (c) 2025 Isijola Bukola Ibiso, Elizabeth Funmilayo Ojo, Olufunke Agatha Ogunkorede, Adeniran Sunday Afolalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-03-15 2025-03-15 8 1 185 192 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.20-j AI-Powered Platforms for Protecting Women’s Rights and Transforming Widowhood Practices in Southern Nigeria https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1152 <p><em>Recently, there is an increasing attention of the media and other organisations on Women Rights violation and several myriad social challenges faced by vulnerable women in the Southern Nigeria. Thus, the study seeks to review these challenges and how the adoption of AI platforms can help to accelerate the protection of women Rights and the practice of widowhood in Southern Nigeria. Findings shows that there must be identification of the fundamental Rights and the women which are vulnerable in this area especially the widows. However, it was established that adoption of AI-platforms to help these women could also have impact on their Rights and protection. Hence, impact assessment is necessary to understand the level of risk associated with the usage of the tool. But most importantly, AI-powered solutions will help in enhancing their lifestyles and sustainable living if adequately deployed and monitored.</em></p> Tosin Olusola Ayedun Oluwaseyi Abiodun Akpor Elizabeth Funmilayo Ojo Ifeoluwa Olubiyi Adeniran Sunday Afolalu Copyright (c) 2025 Tosin Olusola Ayedun, Oluwaseyi Abiodun Akpor, Elizabeth Funmilayo Ojo, Ifeoluwa Olubiyi, Adeniran Sunday Afolalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-03-15 2025-03-15 8 1 193 198 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.21-j Morphological and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Nano-Graphene-Oxide from Sugarcane Bagasse for Polymer Composite Reinforcement https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1240 <p><em>Graphene oxide (GO) from biomass offers a sustainable alternative to conventional graphite, yet few studies explore sugarcane bagasse (SB) as a feedstock. This research fills that gap by synthesizing GO from SB termed SBGO and reinforcing epoxy composites with it. Mature SB from Lagos, Nigeria, was processed, oxidized using KMnO₄/H₂SO₄, and purified with H₂O₂ and water washes. SBGO was characterized by BET, TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. BET analysis revealed a high Langmuir surface area of 579.3 m²/g and mesopores averaging 2.132 nm, favoring uniform dispersion. TEM showed SBGO particles ranging from 5–10 nm up to 30–40 nm agglomerates with irregular, flake-like morphologies. FTIR confirmed successful oxidation via prominent O–H (3200–3600 cm⁻¹), C=O (1700–1740 cm⁻¹), and C–O (1000–1300 cm⁻¹) peaks, while UV–Vis displayed a π–π* peak near 230 nm and an n–π* shoulder around 300 nm, evidencing successful oxidation. XRD patterns exhibited a peak at 25°–30°, indicating partial restoration of the graphitic structure. Raman spectra featured dominant D and G bands, with additional peaks at 568, 1818, 2034, 2208, 2874, and 3050 cm⁻¹ that signal defects and residual biomass features. Polymer composites (PC) with 0–2.0 g SBGO showed increased density (from 1.18 to 1.23 g/cm³) and reduced porosity (from 1.67% to 0.75%). Tensile strength and modulus peaked at 1.5 wt% SBGO, hardness rose from 20.9 to 26.1 VHN, and wear rate dropped by up to 58%. These results confirm that SB-derived GO is an effective, eco-friendly reinforcement that enhances composite strength and durability for high-performance applications.</em></p> Harrison Okechukwu Onovo Ademola Abiona Agbeleye Theddeus Tochukwu Akano Solomon Onaolapo Oyegbami Kenechukwu Joshua Orafunam Olugbenga Peter Odediran Copyright (c) 2025 Harrison Okechukwu Onovo, Ademola Abiona Agbeleye, Theddeus Tochukwu Akano, Solomon Onaolapo Oyegbami, Kenechukwu Joshua Orafunam, Olugbenga Peter Odediran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-04 2025-04-04 8 1 199 214 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.22-j Thermodynamics and Adsorption of Fe2+ from Oilfield Produced Water using Clay-derived Zeolite https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1146 <p><em>The study explored the potential of clay-derived zeolite (CDZ) as an adsorbent for the removal of Fe<sup>2+</sup> ions from produced water generated from oil fields. The clay was sourced from the Ikepshi Community in the Akoko-Edo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. The zeolite was produced through a calcination process at a temperature of 600 °C, followed by dealumination and zeolite synthesis prior to its application for adsorption of Fe<sup>2+</sup> from produced water. A variety of operational parameters were evaluated to understand their impacts on the adsorption process. These included different dosages of the adsorbent, contact time, temperature, agitation speed, and pH levels. The thermodynamics parameters were evaluated over a temperature range of 303 K to 343 K. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images displayed the characteristic silicate flakes of kaolinite clay, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results identified specific functional groups. Particularly, the presence of O-H and Si-O stretching vibrations confirmed the clay kaolinite composition. The analysis of adsorption outcomes across varying temperatures revealed negative values for Gibbs free energy (</em> <em>),</em><em> and a positive entropy value (</em> <em>, this indicates that the adsorption process is spontaneous and feasible, along with an increase in degree of randomness of adsorption process. The process of Fe<sup>2+</sup> uptake on CDZ was considered as endothermic, as shown by the positive enthalpy values </em><em>(</em> <em> </em><em> obtained thus shows a strong Vander Waal forces between the adsorbent and adsorbate.</em></p> Kingsley Ifeanyi Osuala Akindele Oyetunde Okewale Copyright (c) 2025 Kingsley Ifeanyi Osuala, Akindele Oyetunde Okewale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-07 2025-04-07 8 1 215 225 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.23-j Design and Fabrication of a Locally Made Plastic Shredder https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1030 <p><em>Plastic waste management is a growing environmental concern due to the increasing production and disposal of plastic materials, which contribute to pollution and ecological degradation. Conventional plastic shredders are often expensive and inaccessible to small-scale recyclers, necessitating the development of cost-effective and locally fabricated alternatives. The project focuses on designing and fabricating a locally made plastic shredder that addresses plastic waste management challenges. The methodology involved a series of steps including needs assessment, literature review, conceptual and detailed design, material selection, fabrication, assembly, testing, and optimization. The shredder was designed to be cost-effective and efficient, utilizing locally available materials and expertise. Materials used included Aluminium and steel alloys for the frame, copper wire for the motor, high-quality bearings, rubber seals, and various electrical components. Tools employed in the fabrication process ranged from hand tools and power tools to welding equipment and testing instruments. Safety gear was also emphasized to protect workers during the fabrication and operation processes. The testing phase covered functional testing, load testing, efficiency testing, safety assessments, durability testing, environmental testing, and quality control inspections. Design calculations focused on parameters such as shredding capacity, torque, shear force, blade design, hopper volume, material feed rate, structural integrity, energy consumption, and shredder efficiency. Results indicated that the locally made plastic shredder effectively shredded various types of plastic waste, with a satisfactory shredding capacity of 0.21 kg/hr and a shredder efficiency of 83.12%. The torque transmitted by the shaft was 62.50 Nm, and the shear force required to cut through plastic was 2843.5 N. The blade speed was calculated at 41.89 rads/sec, with a cutting speed of 4189 m/sec. The energy consumption of the shredder was 4.48 Kwh. The project concluded that locally made plastic shredders could significantly contribute to sustainable plastic waste management, resource conservation, and environmental protection</em><em>.</em></p> Dickson David Olodu Faith Onosetale Aluya Salvation Walters Blessing Aanuoluwapo Falobi Copyright (c) 2025 Dickson David Olodu, Faith Onosetale Aluya, Salvation Walters, Blessing Aanuoluwapo Falobi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-07 2025-04-07 8 1 226 239 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.24-j Comparative Study on the Variability Margin of Concrete Strength between Weight and Volume Batching Methods https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1151 <p><em>Variability of strength in concrete has significant effect on the structural integrity, safety and performance of every concrete structure. It is a valid concern which defies any mix design method, but depends changes in material, production process and environmental condition. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the batching method on the margin of variability of concrete strength. Methods of batching by weight and volume were considered for three popular nominal mix proportions including 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2. The standard deviation of the 28<sup>th</sup> day compressive strength was determined and analysed for quantitative and qualitative assessment of concrete quality. The <strong>result indicates</strong> that lower water/cement ratio recorded higher compressive strength for the same mix proportions under both weight and volume batched method. The three mixes of ratios 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2 that were weight batched outperform the volume batch of the same mix ratios in compressive strength by 33.8%, 14.5% and 24.9% respectively. It was concluded that volume batched mixes may only be considered for on – site concrete construction when water/cement ratio can be strictly controlled or stiff mixes are applicable as well as characteristic strength of concrete is below 25N/mm<sup>2</sup>. Where these conditions cannot be met, batching by weight with controlled water/cement ratio should be considered for on – site concrete construction. This study recommended the development of mix design template suitable for volume batched mixes considering several factors promoting variability in concrete strength, through the collective efforts of researchers, site engineers and regulatory bodies.</em></p> Ismail Akolawole Yahya Abdulhameed Umar Abubakar Yusuf Hassan Mohammed Suleman Yusuf Usman Copyright (c) 2025 Ismail Akolawole Yahya, Abdulhameed Umar Abubakar, Yusuf Hassan Mohammed, Suleman Yusuf Usman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-08 2025-04-08 8 1 240 246 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.25-j Early Fault Detection in Electro-Pneumatic Actuators using Mathematical Modelling and Machine Learning: A Bottling Company Case Study https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1061 <p><em>This research examines the vital problem of detecting anomalies at an early stage within industrial systems by studying an electro-pneumatic double-acting cylinder actuator used in a bottling facility production line. The occurrence of malfunctions in valves leads to operational inefficiencies, and both planned and unplanned downtime, and additional maintenance expenses. The study contributes a new dual method that unites mathematical modelling and machine learning to overcome the limitations of conventional anomaly detection methods. The predictive model created for the actuator assessed its typical operation by evaluating pressure fluctuations, timing behaviour and displacement performance. Establishing baseline parameters through this process allowed the creation of synthetic datasets for normal operational standards. Real-time measurement points were validated through a baseline reference and machine learning models based on support vector machines received training data from labelled sets. The application of feature selection methods helped find essential variables to boost performance metrics in models. The research created valuable insights by reaching 90% success in operational state identification between normal and anomalous conditions across various test scenarios, which leads to an adaptable predictive maintenance system. The bottling company applied the case application, which led to 25% less machine downtime alongside better maintenance schedules, together with improved reliability during production. The research outcomes match the objectives of Agenda 2063 set by the African Union by supporting industrial development alongside innovation and sustainable economic expansion as well as meeting SDG targets such as Goal 9.4 and Goal 12.6 for sustainable industrial practices. This study provides essential information for industrial optimization policies through operational efficiency measures that demonstrate global significance for predictive maintenance systems. The scientific methods alongside their research results deliver important knowledge regarding industrial ecosystems in Africa and across the world by tackling regional and worldwide sustainable productivity issues.</em></p> Samuel Olufemi Amudipe Adeyinka Moses Adeoye Aderonke Oluwaseunfunmi Akinwumi Rotimi Adedayo Ibikunle Segun Adebayo Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Olufemi Amudipe, Rotimi Adedayo Ibikunle, Segun Adebayo, Adeyinka Moses Adeoye, Aderonke Oluwaseunfunmi Akinwumi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-08 2025-04-08 8 1 247 262 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.26-j Development of a Fingerprint-Based Attendance Monitoring System https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1131 <p><em>This paper presents the design and execution process of a fingerprint-based attendance system at Bells University of Technology for Electrical/Electronics Engineering Department, to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of student attendance monitoring. Traditional methods often suffer from errors, are tedious, and capable of being manipulated. The developed system employs fingerprint (biometric) technology, offering a secure, dependable, and tamper-proof solution to these issues. By capturing and verifying students' fingerprints, the system makes sure that only the appropriate individual marks the attendance, effectively eliminating problems like impersonation. The system consists of two modes namely: register and record modes respectively. Firstly, fingerprint data was extracted and stored in a database. For attendance taking, after a user’s fingerprint is placed on the device, checks for similarity is done in connection with the database and the user is marked as present if a match is found. Thereafter, the information is uploaded. With the proposed system, the time taken per student to mark attendance was 6.16 seconds while for the manual method, it was 22.25 seconds per person. The fingerprint-based system streamlines attendance management by automating the recording process, thus saving time for both students and lecturers. It enhances data accuracy by removing the potential for human error and provides a reliable method for maintaining and retrieving attendance records. Additionally, the system offers improved data security, as biometric data is less likely to be compromised compared to the manual method.</em></p> Gerard Nonso Obiora Isreal Oluwaseun Aladejare Godwin Osariemen Igbinosa Collins Belouebi Fiemobebefa Oluwaseun Amos Bamido Copyright (c) 2025 Gerard Nonso Obiora, Isreal Oluwaseun Aladejare, Godwin Osariemen Igbinosa, Collins Belouebi Fiemobebefa, Oluwaseun Amos Bamido https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-10 2025-04-10 8 1 263 270 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.27-j Functional and Pasting Characterization of Multigrain flour produced from Whole Wheat, Maize and Sorghum Grains https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/715 <p><em>Multigrain flours contain different types of flours produced from grains and mixed together in certain ratio. These grains offer dietary fiber, nutrient-dense protein, and lipids high in essential fatty acids in addition to their high carbohydrate and protein content as an energy source<strong>. </strong>In order to ascertain the multigrain flour's potential application in the baking industries. This research aims to develop multigrain flour from blends of maize, whole wheat, and sorghum flour and evaluate its functional and pasting qualities. Blends of whole wheat, sorghum, and maize was used to produce multigrain flour. Standard analytical procedures were used to determine the functional and pasting characteristics. The flour sample oil absorption capacity and water absorption capacities ranged from 67.24 to 111.62% and 91.58 to 224.37%. The solubility index and swelling power ranged from 3.58 to 6.98% and 461.27 to 667.10%, respectively. The flour sample's water binding capability varied from 83 to 266%. The pasting temperature varies from 64.43<sup>0</sup>C to 77.35<sup>0</sup>C while the setback viscosity varies from 61.42-84.75RVU. The breakdown point of the samples falls between 0.71 and 65.04RVU while the through value falls between 46.88 and 85.00 RVU. The result of this study indicated that the functional properties of the developed composite flour vary with the ratio of the three flours blended together. The multigrain flour produced can be useful in bakery production if further research is carried out on it to improve its quality.</em></p> Opeyemi Titilayo Lala Babatunde Adebiyi Olunlade Titilayo Adenike Ajayeoba Copyright (c) 2025 Opeyemi Titilayo Lala, Babatunde Adebiyi Olunlade, Titilayo Adenike Ajayeoba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-11 2025-04-11 8 1 271 277 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.28-j Physical and Mechanical Behaviours of Tympanotonus Fuscatus Reinforced Polyethylene https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1084 <p><em>This paper investigated the</em><em> physical and mechanical characteristics of the periwinkle shell (Tympanotonus fuscatus) particle to determine its effectiveness as reinforcement in polyethylene matrix composite for potential engineering applications with a reduction in fossil-based constituents with its attendant environmental impact. The composites were constituted from periwinkle particle fractions from 5 to 40 wt. %, with five different particle sizes: 106, 150, 177, 250, and 420 μm. Test specimens were investigated via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile, impact, and flexural, density, and water absorption evaluations. Results showed that densities of samples at all particle sizes increased with filler content but reduced with enlargement of the particle size of the filler owing to the increase in void sizes between the filler and the matrix. However, the developed composites still feature within the density range of low-density, to linear low-density of polymer composite. The water absorptivity decreased as the filler content increased due to the crystalline nature of the filler. Specifically, composites' peak impact energy, and flexural strength, of 21.54 J for 150 μm sample at 40 wt. % filler content and 11.96 MPa for 106 µm sample at 5 wt. % filler content was recorded respectively. FTIR spectrum shows the presence of additional C=C and C-O-C groups. Also, SEM micrographs indicated strong interfacial bonding between the filler and the matrix, and good filler dispersion in the matrix, which accounted for relative improvement in mechanical properties. Hence, the developed periwinkle particulate-reinforced low-density polyethylene composite can be used for decorative purposes or in car interior design where high strength is not a critical requirement.</em></p> Victoria Dumebi Obasa Samuel Okonkwo Oludolapo Akanni Olanrewaju Samson Oluropo Adeosun Olugbemi Omotoso Adebola Omoolorun Copyright (c) 2025 Victoria Dumebi Obasa, Samuel Okonkwo, Oludolapo Akanni Olanrewaju, Samson Oluropo Adeosun, Olugbemi Omotoso, Adebola Omoolorun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-11 2025-04-11 8 1 278 291 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.29-j Prediction of Reservoir Flow Capacity in Sandstone Formations: A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1035 <p><em>Sand production is one of the major challenges in the oil and gas industry, impacting the operational integrity and economic efficiency of oil extraction activities. This study focuses on predicting Reservoir Flow Capacity (RFC) in sandstone formations by analyzing geological and petrophysical properties critical to reservoir performance and mechanical stability. It also identified key factors that impact the mechanical stability of formations during production. Given a large number of input variables that enclose geological and environmental factors, the study set the correlation of these conditions to provide profound analysis and reveal profound patterns within the data. With the following supervised machine learning algorithms: Random Forest, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR); the study modeled RFC. The algorithms were selected for their ability to model complex relationships in reservoir characterization, with Random Forest excelling in high-dimensional data handling, ANN in pattern learning, and SVR in regression-based predictions. Model evaluation using R-Squared metrics showed that the Random Forest model possesses a good level of accuracy of 0.9573 in predicting the RFC, compared to the ANN and SVR model which had R-Squared values of 0.9390 and 0.7294 respectively. The SVR model had large variations from the actual values and hence was not very useful for our predictions. Further analysis using the developed machine learning models revealed that geological formation thickness, reservoir thickness, and permeability are the most critical parameters influencing reservoir flow capacity and overall rock stability.</em></p> Micheal Ayodeji Ogundero Taiwo Adelakin Kehinde Orolu Isaac Femi Johnson Theophilus Akinfenwa Fashanu Kingsley Abhulimen Copyright (c) 2025 Micheal Ayodeji Ogundero, Taiwo Adelakin, Kehinde Orolu, Isaac Femi Johnson, Theophilus Akinfenwa Fashanu, Kingsley Abhulimen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-24 2025-04-24 8 1 292 306 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.30-j Efficiency of Constructed Wetland (CW) Established with Common Reed aimed at Greywater Treatment in Akure, Nigeria https://journals.abuad.edu.ng/index.php/ajerd/article/view/1130 <p><em>The growing scarcity of freshwater resources is becoming a significant concern in dry and semi-dry areas globally, underscoring importance of household greywater treatment to mitigate this issue. This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of a Constructed Wetland (CW) established with Phragmites australis for the treatment of greywater in Akure, Nigeria. Raw greywater was obtained from the Jadesola female hostel at the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA), and then underwent initial treatment in a 500-liter filtration reservoir that contained multiple layers of pebbles and fine sand. Following this initial treatment, greywater was transferred to a Vertical Flow Sub-Surface Constructed Wetland (CW) established with Phragmites australis for the main treatment phase. Both raw and treated greywater samples were analyzed for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and heavy metals. The results demonstrated that the CW effectively lowered all measured chemical factors, rendering the treated greywater suitable for irrigation by meeting local wastewater reuse standards. Notably, the CW achieved impressive reductions, with BOD decreasing by 91.4%, COD by 91.5%, and TDS by 38.7%, thereby proving its effectiveness in pollutants removal. The treated greywater complied with local standards for wastewater reuse, making it appropriate for irrigation and other outdoor applications. These outcomes are particularly beneficial for farmers who rely on irrigation during the dry season. Hence, additional studies should be carried out to explore the potential use of treated greywater effluents for irrigating certain types of vegetable crops.</em></p> Femi Alao Ajayi Johnson Oloruntade Adewoye Alade Olanipekun Daniel Uwumarogie Idusuyi John Igeimokhia Braimah Opeyemi Bayode Copyright (c) 2025 Femi Alao, Ajayi Johnson Oloruntade, Adewoye Alade Olanipekun, Daniel Uwumarogie Idusuyi, John Igeimokhia Braimah, Opeyemi Bayode https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-04-24 2025-04-24 8 1 307 314 10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.31-j