ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences

Multi-Level Intrusion Detection System in Cloud Computing

S. A. Mogaji — 2025-07-11

An intrusion detection system (IDS) is essential for protecting private data, maintaining system integrity, and ensuring network security. This research focused on the development of a multi-level IDS using cloud computing technologies to enhance network security and employs a multi-layered strategy for intrusion detection, encompassing different levels for the scrutiny of network traffic, system behavior, and potential security risks. Cloud computing infrastructure forms the basis for deploying and expanding the IDS effectively. Anomaly-based intrusion detection systems have poor precision and recall, especially for unidentified attack types and this is seen as a research gap. Alternative Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (AFCM) was utilized in this work to group the training data into homogenous training subsets, train various Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) using those subsets, and then aggregate the results. The neural network was trained using the KDD Cup ‘99 dataset and was tested using real-time internet traffic. The SYN flood, ICMP flood, and Normal activity were used as test cases for the attack and normal activity, the results show that the SYN has a 98.9% true positive rate and 1.1% false negative rate of the 10000number of connections, ICMP has 99.9% true positive rate and 0.1% false negative rate of the 10000 number of connections and the normal activity has 88.09% true positive rate and 11.74% false negative rate of the 10000 number of connections. This is an improvement over other common anomaly-based intrusion detection systems.

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Phytochemicals in Soil and Rice Samples Cultivated in a Selected Agricultural Region of Nigeria.

Ejomafuvwe Erhuen — 2025-07-11

Rice is a staple food consumed daily by millions of Nigerians, making the safety of its cultivation critical to public health. Given the potential for bioaccumulation and toxicity, the presence of heavy metal residues in rice poses serious health risks, necessitating a thorough assessment of both heavy metals and phytochemicals in rice and the soils where it is cultivated across selected agricultural regions of Nigeria. This study assesses the concentrations of heavy metals and phytochemicals in soil and rice samples (parboiled and paddy) collected from Abuja and Kogi State in Nigeria. Determination of Pb, Cr, Zn, Cd, Mn, Fe, Ni and Cu in soil and rice samples was analyzed Using AAS Buck Scientific 211 AAS VGP, while the Determination of essential elements (Ca, Na, K and Mg) in soil and rice samples was done Using flame photometry (Jenway Digital Flame Photometer, PFP7 Model). The most prevalent essential and heavy metals are calcium (32.25±0.354), magnesium (14.292±0.008), and zinc (28.167±0.004), and the results showed that paddy rice had higher amounts of these elements than parboiled rice. Some metals exhibited bioaccumulation tendencies, with bioaccumulation values surpassing 1, particularly zinc and cadmium. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with the highest flavonoid component, Apigenin (0.2632 mg/g) in paddy rice obtained from Kogi State, while rice samples obtained from Abuja, had Protocatechuic acid (0.9076 mg/g) and Ferulic
acid (0.97 mg/g) as the highest phenolic components. Higher amounts of phytochemicals, which are advantageous for their antioxidant qualities, were retained in parboiled rice, suggesting that conventional parboiling techniques can aid in the retention of substances that promote health. For adults, the Hazard Index (HI) values of the metals were all less than 1, indicating low health risk while the HI value for the children in both locations was greater than 1 indicating potential adverse health effects. In order to guarantee food safety, the results highlight the necessity of routinely checking rice for pollutants and encouraging safer farming methods.

Investigating the Bioactive Compounds in Leaves’ Extracts of Gossypium barbadense Species using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Adeola Abiola — 2025-07-09

Gossypium barbadense leaves have been used traditionally in the treatment of several ailments such as asthma, pyrexia and yellow fever, with no much scientific scrutiny of its acclaimed efficacy. This study investigated the bioactive components of hybrid and traditional Gossypium barbadense leaves using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extraction of samples were carried out by maceration using 95% ethanol. Bioactive compounds were determined using agilent technology; high-performance liquid chromatography. HPLC analysis revealed presence of bioactive compounds in the hybrid leaf, such as: eugenol 1.522 mg/g. camphor 0.128 mg/g, alpha-tumerone 0.095 mg/g, epicatechin 0.118 mg/g, alpha-pinene 0.105 mg/g. bioactive compounds in the tradition leaf include: ellagic acid 1.531 mg/g, Zeaxanthine 0.927 mg/g, P-coumaric acid 0.409 mg/g, catechin 0.279 mg/g. This study revealed that leaves of hybrid and traditional Gossypium barbadense have different bioactive compounds. Quercetin and epicatechin were bioactive compound they have in common and the traditional plant is richer in bioactive compounds. Difference in the compositions of the plant species is influenced by genetic modification of the hybrid specie. Hybrid specie is much useful for production of textile materials, traditional species with more bioactive compounds is considered for treatment of diseases.

Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of Urinary Schistomiasis Among Individual Residing Along Selected Riparian Communities in Bauchi State, Nigeria

Salim Aminu — 2025-07-11

Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever or bilharziasis, is a prevalent tropical parasitic disease caused by blood flukes, Schistosoma species. It poses a great public health and socio-economic threat in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis among individuals residing along selected riparian communities of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Ethical approval was obtained before sample collection. A total of 321 individuals were randomly selected from the riparian areas of Bauchi State for the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents following informed consent. Urine samples were analysed using microscopy, urinalysis, and molecular techniques. DNA was extracted from positive urine sediment, followed by Polymerase Chain Reaction amplification, sequencing, BLAST, and phylogenetic analysis. The demographic study of the respondents revealed that they were 4 - 65 years old, with a mean age of 15.1 ± 9.2 years; made up of 244 males and 77 females. The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 22.7%, which was significantly associated with age, gender, education, the reason for going to the river, frequency of coming in contact with a river, and the household’s source of water supply. The urinalysis results showed strong associations of schistosomiasis with leukocyturia, proteinuria, and haematuria. Molecular analysis revealed genetic diversity among Schistosoma haematobium populations. The present study indicated that urinary schistosomiasis is prevalent in the study area, and a need for an effective urinary schistosomiasis control programme in the riparian communities of Bauchi State, Nigeria.

Assessment of Water use Trends, Usage Frequency, and Heavy Metals Contamination in Elemi and Ogbese Rivers in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State

O. D. Oluwagbemi — 2025-07-11

Heavy metal levels in Elemi and Ogbese Rivers surpass WHO standards, endangering community health. Limited awareness, linked to education gaps, increases exposure risks. Urgent action is needed to improve water safety and public health awareness. Hence, this study investigated water usage trends and heavy metal contamination in Elemi and Ogbese Rivers in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Data on demographic characteristics were collected through a guided questionnaire administered to 150 adults each, aged 18-55, from the two communities. Metals (Hg, Cr, Pb, Zn, Co, Cd) analyses in the water samples were carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 29 with significance at p<0.05. The study revealed significant differences in educational levels and employment status between the two communities, with Elemi having higher frequencies than Ogbese in both parameters. The frequency of water usage showed that Ogbese consumed a higher daily water intake (12%) than Elemi (6%), a marker for a potentially increased susceptibility to contaminant contact through frequent water use. Education and occupation significantly influenced water usage in both rivers, while gender significantly influenced water usage in the Ogbese River only. There was higher awareness of heavy metal pollution in Elemi (36.0%) compared to Ogbese (10.0%). However, awareness of heavy metal pollution and effluent discharge is significantly correlated to education. Mean metal
concentrations in Ogbese River and Elemi River were higher than the WHO recommended values, indicating a possible health hazard for communities that rely on these rivers. Low community awareness of heavy metal contamination poses significant public health risks, as
river concentrations exceed WHO standards. Educational disparities affect awareness and water usage behaviours, emphasising the need for targeted interventions. Regulatory measures are necessary to control effluent discharge into rivers, Ongoing environmental monitoring
is crucial for sustained protection. Community engagement remains key to safeguarding public health and ecosystems

Open Defecation, Causes, Consequences and Intervention in Nigeria

P. T. Olagbemide — 2025-07-11

Fundamental components of the Sustainable Development Goals are good health and clean water. Open defecation makes this difficult. Defecating in public zones like fields, woods, coastlines, open aquatic bodies, or even in open spaces with solid garbage like polythene bags, is known as open defecation. It is global, with 12% of the world’s population, mostly impoverished countries of sub-Saharan Africa
and Asia, practicing it. In Nigeria, defecating in public is rampant in rural areas than in urban regions. Motivation, consequences of open defecation, and the approaches of the government to curtail it were discussed. Poverty, restricted availability of sanitary facilities, lack of awareness and education, socio-cultural beliefs, nomadic and itinerant life, emergencies, among others, are connected to open defecation in Nigeria. Furthermore, household proportion, profession, earnings, traditional standards, and possession of a restroom are also put forward as factors that affect the dispositions of Nigerians towards open defecation. Open defecation constitutes a significant public health risk with environmental, health, and social effects. Therefore, the Nigerian government has periodically created programs and policies to eradicate public defecation and to ensure this, several policies and guidelines were implemented. Except for the “Making Nigeria Open-Defecation Free by 2025” policy, which outlines the anticipated plans to outlaw open defecation in Nigeria, there was little to no structure in place to abolish open defecation in the country. It was recommended, among other things, that there should be continuous national public awareness campaigns, more restrooms should be constructed in public areas, water supply should be given top priority throughout Nigeria, local, inventive, and reasonably priced technologies should be encouraged to build better toilet systems, cultural barriers should be removed to allow for improved sanitation facilities, and state and federal legislatures should pass laws prohibiting public defecation.

Investigating the bioactive compounds in aqueous extract of Calotropis procera and its toxicological evaluation using Drosophila melanogaster model

Samuel S. Abegunde — 2025-07-11

Background/Aim: Phytochemicals are present in various plant tissues. These compounds provide beneficial effects on the plants, however,
limited harmful effects have been reported. This study investigated the bioactive compounds in the aqueous extract of Calotropis procera (AECP) and their toxic effects. Materials and Methods: The presence of bioactive compounds in the plant was determined using standard methods and high-performance liquid chromatography, while the toxicological evaluation was done using Drosophila melanogaster. Flies
were grouped into 6 (n = 5), comprising control and AECP-treated groups. Flies were homogenized after 21 days of exposure to AECP, and toxicological parameters such as total thiol, reduced glutathione, catalase, nitric oxide, geotaxis, and survival tests were investigated. Results: The plant extract was found to be rich in phenols, flavonoids, tannins, reducing sugars, and glycosides, with the total phenols content
of 14.05 ± 0.07 mg Tannic acid/g equivalent and total flavonoids content of 9.218 ± 0.05 mg Quercetin/g equivalent. Sixteen compounds were identified in the plant with the highest abundance in the order: quercetin, cymbopogon, hydroquinone, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and
luteolin. It was also observed that the plant was not toxic to flies exposed to doses up to 2 mg/g diet as indicated by a non-significant difference in the parameters investigated but a significant change (p < 0.05) was noted in catalase, reduced glutathione and nitric oxide at 4 mg/g diet when compared with the control. Conclusions: The presence of the secondary metabolites could ensure the plant of its pharmacological properties, and the plant could be considered safe up to a dose of 2 mg/g diet at short and long-term exposure.

Assessment of satisfaction with quality of care among insured and non-insued Tuberculosis patients in Osun State

A. K. Akinpelu — 2025-07-11

Tuberculosis remains a major global health issue, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. Nigeria ranks first in Africa and fourth among the world’s 22 high-burden countries for tuberculosis. The quality of care delivered to tuberculosis patients has a significant impact on treatment adherence, results, and patient satisfaction. Insurance coverage is widely viewed as a critical determinant in access to quality healthcare, with substantial variations in care between insured and uninsured people. This study aims to assess and compare the level of satisfaction with the quality of care among insured and non-insured tuberculosis patients in Osun State. It is a comparative; cross-sectional design was used to study 320 tuberculosis patients (160 insured and 160 non-insured). A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select the participants. The data collected was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS version 25.0). Descriptive statistics were conducted for categorical variables. T-tests and Chi-square tests were used to compare proportions between categorical variables (p<0.05). There was a significant association between age, marital status, and the level of satisfaction with ease of access to care (p<0.05). Most respondents (both insured and non-insured) tested negative for HIV (X2= 11.227, p= 0.011). Additionally, more than half of the respondents reported that the facility was nearby (X2= 2.981, p= 0.395). The study found that the level of satisfaction with all components of quality tuberculosis care was higher among insured respondents compared to non-insured respondents. The level of satisfaction with all components of tuberculosis care received was higher among insured respondents than non-insured tuberculosis respondents.